ArticlePloS one2021
Proof of concept for real-time detection of SARS CoV-2 infection with an electronic nose.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds Detection in Pneumonia Screening: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis.Lung · 2024Pooled it
- A comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review of breath analysis in detection of COVID-19 through Volatile organic compounds.Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease · 2024Pooled it
- Steps toward clinical validation of exhaled volatile organic compound biomarkers for hypoglycemia in persons with type 1 diabetes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Examination of unique volatile organic compound signatures in nasopharyngeal test swab viral transport media using an electronic nose.PloS one · 2025Article
- Past, Present, and Future of Human Chemical Communication Research.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2025Review
- Analysis of the Urine Volatilome of COVID-19 Patients and the Possible Metabolic Alterations Produced by the Disease.Metabolites · 2024Article
- Article
- Odor representation and coding by the mitral/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2024Review
- Diagnostic performance of respirators for collection and detection of SARS-CoV-2.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Potential for Early Noninvasive COVID-19 Detection Using Electronic-Nose Technologies and Disease-Specific VOC Metabolic Biomarkers.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Piezoelectric Gas Sensors with Polycomposite Coatings in Biomedical Application.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Clinical studies of detecting COVID-19 from exhaled breath with electronic nose.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Review
- Hybrid learning method based on feature clustering and scoring for enhanced COVID-19 breath analysis by an electronic nose.Artificial intelligence in medicine · 2022Article
- Rational Design of Peptides Derived from Odorant-Binding Proteins for SARS-CoV-2-Related Volatile Organic Compounds Recognition.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- An Experimental Apparatus for E-Nose Breath Analysis in Respiratory Failure Patients.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Expert considerations and consensus for using dogs to detect human SARS-CoV-2-infections.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Bionic sensing system and characterization of exhaled nitric oxide detection based on canine olfaction.PloS one · 2022Article
- Noninvasive SARS-CoV-2 detection using a low-cost electronic nose.The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious DiseasesArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis is key to curtailing the Covid-19 pandemic. One path to such rapid diagnosis may rely on identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the infected body, or in other words, identifying the smell of the infection. Consistent with this rationale, dogs can use their nose to identify Covid-19 patients. Given the scale of the pandemic, however, animal deployment is a challenging solution. In contrast, electronic noses (eNoses) are machines aimed at mimicking animal olfaction, and these can be deployed at scale. To test the hypothesis that SARS CoV-2 infection is associated with a body-odor detectable by an eNose, we placed a generic eNose in-line at a drive-through testing station. We applied a deep learning classifier to the eNose measurements, and achieved real-time detection of SARS CoV-2 infection at a level significantly better than chance, for both symptomatic and non-symptomatic participants. This proof of concept with a generic eNose implies that an optimized eNose may allow effective real-time diagnosis, which would provide for extensive relief in the Covid-19 pandemic.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.