ReviewMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR2021
Large Clostridial Toxins: Mechanisms and Roles in Disease.
Review in Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- From colonization to infection: Genomic evolution of Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis.Cell reports · 2026Review
- Innovative Approaches Against Planktonic and Biofilm-ProducingVeterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Phase variable colony morphotypes ofInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Distinct bacteria profiles in primary and secondary/persistent endodontic infections: a 16S rRNA gene sequencing study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Phase variable colony morphotypes ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Exploring the etiology of colitis: insights from gut microbiota research.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- A lymphostatin homologue fromVirulence · 2025Article
- Role of TLR4 in Enteric Glia Response to Clostridioides Difficile Toxins: Insights From In Vivo and In Vitro Studies.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Genomic and physiochemical characterization of two lysogenic bacteriophages, ΦCP5(17) and ΦCP17(i), infecting Clostridium perfringens.Archives of virology · 2025Article
- History and Evolution of the HypervirulentMicroorganisms · 2025Review
- AF6 regulates intestinal IgA via crosstalk between intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells in inflammatory bowel disease.iScience · 2025Article
- Structure of lymphostatin, a large multi-functional virulence factor of pathogenic Escherichia coli.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protectseLife · 2025Article
- Microbiota mechanisms in cancer progression and therapy.Cell chemical biology · 2025Review
- Allosterically switchable network orientsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- MappingmBio · 2025Article
- Migrasomes: key players in immune regulation and promising medical applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Mechanisms ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- The conserved noncoding RNA ModT coordinates growth and virulence in Clostridioides difficile.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Bacterial toxins induce non-canonical migracytosis to aggravate acute inflammation.Cell discovery · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Large clostridial toxins (LCTs) are a family of bacterial exotoxins that infiltrate and destroy target cells. Members of the LCT family include Clostridioides difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB, Paeniclostridium sordellii toxins TcsL and TcsH, Clostridium novyi toxin TcnA, and Clostridium perfringens toxin TpeL. Since the 19th century, LCT-secreting bacteria have been isolated from the blood, organs, and wounds of diseased individuals, and LCTs have been implicated as the primary virulence factors in a variety of infections, including C. difficile infection and some cases of wound-associated gas gangrene. Clostridia express and secrete LCTs in response to various physiological signals. LCTs invade host cells by binding specific cell surface receptors, ultimately leading to internalization into acidified vesicles. Acidic pH promotes conformational changes within LCTs, which culminates in translocation of the N-terminal glycosyltransferase and cysteine protease domain across the endosomal membrane and into the cytosol, leading first to cytopathic effects and later to cytotoxic effects. The focus of this review is on the role of LCTs in infection and disease, the mechanism of LCT intoxication, with emphasis on recent structural work and toxin subtyping analysis, and the genomic discovery and characterization of LCT homologues. We provide a comprehensive review of these topics and offer our perspective on emerging questions and future research directions for this enigmatic family of toxins.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.