ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2021
Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Infections after 3 Decades of Hib Protein Conjugate Vaccine Use.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Disparate kinetics in immune response of two differentHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Trial
- A bacterial pangenome association study identifies a role for polyamine metabolism and alkaline tolerance in middle ear infections.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Multidrug resistance and genomic characteristics of nontypeableMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Live nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae exacerbates respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower airway inflammation.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Product- and schedule-specific vaccine effectiveness against invasiveEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Incidence of Cefotaxime-Resistant Haemophilus influenzae Is Linked to Regional Consumption of Oral Aminopenicillins and Parenteral Third-Generation Cephalosporins in Norway.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae Isolates Responsible for Invasive Infections in Poland in 2018-2023.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Preclinical development of a well-defined semisynthetic glycoconjugate vaccine againstScience advances · 2026Article
- The global threat of vaccine-preventable neurological diseases.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Recent advancements in pediatric purulent meningitis: diagnosis and treatment.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Review
- Molecular epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Novosibirsk, Russia, 2021-2023.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Fastidious or rarely isolated gram-negative rods with a particular focus onClinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Molecular detection ofNew microbes and new infections · 2025Article
- Genetic population structure of Haemophilus influenzae at local and global scales.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Infant protection from invasiveHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Prosthetic Knee Joint Infection with Haemophilus influenzae 1 Year After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Report and Literature Review.The American journal of case reports · 2025Review
- The Central Importance of Vaccines to Mitigate the Threat of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Molecular and Drug Resistance Characteristics ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of Bacterial Meningitis in the Lombardy Region, Italy, from 2014 to 2024: An Observational, Retrospective Study.Microorganisms · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) was previously the most common cause of bacterial meningitis and an important etiologic agent of pneumonia in children aged <5 years. Its major virulence factor is the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) polysaccharide capsule. In the 1980s, PRP-protein conjugate Hib vaccines were developed and are now included in almost all national immunization programs, achieving a sustained decline in invasive Hib infections. However, invasive Hib disease has not yet been eliminated in countries with low vaccine coverage, and sporadic outbreaks of Hib infection still occur occasionally in countries with high vaccine coverage. Over the past 2 decades, other capsulated serotypes have been recognized increasingly as causing invasive infections. H. influenzae serotype a (Hia) is now a major cause of invasive infection in Indigenous communities of North America, prompting a possible requirement for an Hia conjugate vaccine. H. influenzae serotypes e and f are now more common than serotype b in Europe. Significant year-to-year increases in nontypeable H. influenzae invasive infections have occurred in many regions of the world. Invasive H. influenzae infections are now seen predominantly in patients at the extremes of life and those with underlying comorbidities. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the current global epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae infections in different geographic regions of the world. It discusses those now at risk of invasive Hib disease, describes the emergence of other severe invasive H. influenzae infections, and emphasizes the importance of long-term, comprehensive, clinical and microbiologic surveillance to monitor a vaccine's impact.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.