ReviewClinical reviews in allergy & immunology2021
High Estrogen States in Hereditary Angioedema: a Spectrum.
Review in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Management of pregnancy, delivery and breast-feeding in hereditary angioedema: an analysis of 15 pregnancies with conventional treatment approaches and a case of Lanadelumab use.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Article
- The Chronic Angioedema Registry: what the first 2 years since the implementation of the global registry have taught us.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Article
- Hereditary Angioedema Prophylaxis Therapy: Berotralstat and Lanadelumab Safety Profile.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Hereditary Angioedema: The Clinical Picture of Excessive Contact Activation.Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis · 2024Review
- Hypersensitivity reactions amongst Hungarian Patients with Hereditary Angioedema due to C1-Inhibitor Deficiency.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2023Article
- Hereditary Angioedema with Normal C1 Esterase Inhibitor Refractory to Long-Term Prophylaxis: A Case Report.Cureus · 2023Article
- The impact of puberty on the onset, frequency, location, and severity of attacks in hereditary angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency: A survey from the Italian Network for Hereditary and Acquired Angioedema (ITACA).Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- A catalog of the genetic causes of hereditary angioedema in the Canary Islands (Spain).Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex differences have been well documented within hereditary angioedema (HAE) over the past several decades. Females often experience more frequent and more intense attacks compared to their male counterparts. Additionally, elevated estrogen levels-as seen in pregnancy and use of oral contraceptives-is a widely known trigger for angioedema attacks. In this review article, we will outline how estrogens' downstream effects increase bradykinin, a potent vasodilator and key mediator of HAE. Estrogen-dependent HAE is a rare disorder that provides insight into the relationship between HAE and estrogens. Females affected by this subtype of HAE only experience attacks when under "high estrogen states," such as during pregnancy and when taking exogenous estrogens (most commonly, oral contraceptives). This unique phenotype has been documented in individuals with an activating Factor XII mutation. Thus, based on this clear genotype-phenotype relationship, we conclude that Factor XII may be key in our understanding of estrogens' role in HAE. Lastly, we propose that the sex differences seen in HAE be viewed as a spectrum from exacerbation to underlying genetic mutations in Factor XII.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.