ReviewNature reviews. Microbiology2021
SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape.
Review in Nature reviews. Microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2,207 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2,207 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 3,809 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of public raw sequence data unveils the distribution and dynamics of emerging aquatic pathogens: using Macrobrachium rosenbergii golda virus as a case study.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical effects of ursodeoxycholic acid in COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical effectiveness, safety, and viral mutagenicity of oral favipiravir for COVID-19: results from a community-based, open-label, randomized Phase III trial.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2025Trial
- Article
- Chimeric SARS-CoV-2 vaccine vectors stably incorporating the functional glycoprotein of VSV.iScience · 2026Article
- 3D Electron Diffraction Elucidates the Structure of a 1,3,5-Triazin-2,4-dione Cinnamamide Covalent Inhibitor of SARS-CoV‑2 3CLACS omega · 2026Article
- mRNA Vaccines Targeting the Conserved SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Machinery Elicit Cross-Variant and Robust Immunity.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Review
- Extracellular Vesicles as Molecular Regulators of Viral Infection: Implications for COVID-19 and Future Viral Pandemics.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- A late-stage multi-dimensional intervention rescues lethal viral pneumonia in an aged hamster model.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Potent type-specific de novo antibodies complement broadly reactive imprinted antibodies in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant-specific ORF3a mutations destabilize lysosomal homeostasis to trigger lysosomal damage-mediated cell death.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Identification of a Conserved Linear Epitope in SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Recognized by Monoclonal Antibody N179.Viruses · 2026Article
- Serum Escape Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron JN.1 and XEC RBD Under COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Immunity in China.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Comprehensive profiling of humoral immune responses to pan-respiratory pathogens: Insights from diverse cohorts.iScience · 2026Article
- Future-use consent and human virome research: ethical challenges.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- From sites to structure to serology: a roadmap for structure-aware molecular evolution of antigenically evolving viruses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Dose-dependent effects of recombinant spike protein-based vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics and the emergence of variants in hamster models.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- Nanobodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 variants.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Directed evolution of a stem-helix-targeting antibody enables MERS-CoV cross-neutralization through enhanced binding affinity.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
2,147 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although most mutations in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome are expected to be either deleterious and swiftly purged or relatively neutral, a small proportion will affect functional properties and may alter infectivity, disease severity or interactions with host immunity. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 was followed by a period of relative evolutionary stasis lasting about 11 months. Since late 2020, however, SARS-CoV-2 evolution has been characterized by the emergence of sets of mutations, in the context of 'variants of concern', that impact virus characteristics, including transmissibility and antigenicity, probably in response to the changing immune profile of the human population. There is emerging evidence of reduced neutralization of some SARS-CoV-2 variants by postvaccination serum; however, a greater understanding of correlates of protection is required to evaluate how this may impact vaccine effectiveness. Nonetheless, manufacturers are preparing platforms for a possible update of vaccine sequences, and it is crucial that surveillance of genetic and antigenic changes in the global virus population is done alongside experiments to elucidate the phenotypic impacts of mutations. In this Review, we summarize the literature on mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the primary antigen, focusing on their impacts on antigenicity and contextualizing them in the protein structure, and discuss them in the context of observed mutation frequencies in global sequence datasets.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.