ArticleEpidemiology and psychiatric sciences2021
Changes in depression and suicidal ideation under severe lockdown restrictions during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: a longitudinal study in the general population.
Article in Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. It is linked to trial NCT03343886 (Ageing and Health. Spanish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Physical and Mental Health, and Its Determinants), which is not on this map. Cited by 29 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Ageing and Health. Spanish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Physical and Mental Health, and Its Determinants
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- A narrative systematic review of changes in mental health symptoms from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic.Psychological medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Changes in anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in the European population: A meta-analysis of changes and associations with restriction policies.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2023Pooled it
- Suicide before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic Period in the European Population: An Institutional Challenge.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Screen time and depression risk: A meta-analysis of cohort studies.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Lancet (London, England) · 2021Pooled it
- Co-RESPOND: a federated network of cohorts on mental health and adversity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Challenges, solutions and recommendations for retrospective data harmonization.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Observational
- A Lonelier World after COVID-19: Longitudinal Population-Based Study of Well-Being, Emotional and Social Loneliness, and Suicidal Behaviour in Slovenia.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Precarious Young Adults' Mental Health during the Pandemic: The Major Impact of Food Insecurity Independently of COVID-19 Diagnosis.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Prevalence and trends of common mental disorders from 2007-2009 to 2019-2022: results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Studies (NEMESIS), including comparison of prevalence rates before vs. during the COVID-19 pandemic.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2023Article
- [Suicide attempt before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative study from the emergency department].Semergen · 2023Article
- The Importance of the 5Cs of Positive Youth Development to Depressive Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Study with University Students from Peru and Spain.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Physical and mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic at first year in a Spanish adult cohort.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Non-lethal suicidal behavior in university students of Spain during COVID-19.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Assessment of mental health of university students faced with different lockdowns during the coronavirus pandemic, a repeated cross-sectional study.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2022Article
- Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Consumption of Psychotropic Drugs During Lockdown by COVID-19 According to Gender and Age.International journal of mental health and addiction · 2022Article
- Low Resilience Was a Risk Factor of Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic but Not in Individuals Exposed to COVID-19: A Cohort Study in Spanish Adult General Population.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Suicidal ideation and behaviour in Spanish adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: an exploratory study.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2022Article
- Hospitalizations for Anorexia Nervosa during the COVID-19 Pandemic in France: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Adolescent mobile phone addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic predicts subsequent suicide risk: a two-wave longitudinal study.BMC public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2023-03-13Error in Analyses · Error in Data · Error in Methods · Error in Results and/or Conclusions ·
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsTo assess whether there is a change in the prevalence of depression and suicidal ideation after the strict lockdown measures due to the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain; and to assess which are the factors associated with the incidence of a depressive episode or suicidal ideation during the lockdown.
methodsData from a longitudinal adult population-based cohort from the provinces of Madrid and Barcelona were analysed (n = 1103). Structured face-to-face home-based interviews (pre-pandemic) and telephone interviews were performed. Both depression and suicidal ideation were assessed through an adaptation of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). A variety of validated instruments and sociodemographic variables including age, sex, educational level, occupational status, home quietness, screen time, resilience, loneliness, social support, physical activity, disability, economic situation and COVID-19-related information were also considered. Population prevalence estimates and multivariable logistic regressions were computed.
resultsOverall, prevalence rates of depression and suicidal ideation did not change significantly from before to after the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the rates of depression among individuals aged 50+ years showed a significant decrease compared to before the pandemic (from 8.48 to 6.41%; p = 0.01). Younger individuals (odds ratio (OR) = 0.97 per year older; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95-0.99) and those feeling loneliness (OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.42-2.70) during the lockdown were at an increased risk of developing depression during the confinement. Resilience showed a protective effect against the risk of depression (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.32-0.66) and suicidal ideation (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.16-0.68), whereas individuals perceiving social support were at a lower risk of developing suicidal thoughts (OR = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.18-0.69).
conclusionsContinuous reinforcement of mental health preventive and intervening measures during and in the aftermath of the crisis is of global importance, particularly among vulnerable groups who are experiencing the most distress. Future research should strive to evaluate the long-term effects of the COVID-19 crisis on mental health.
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