ReviewDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Classification of Non-Infectious and/or Immune Mediated Choroiditis: A Brief Overview of the Essentials.
Review in Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comprehensive insights into COVID-19 vaccine-associated multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS): A systematic analysis of reported cases.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- From white dot syndromes to primary inflammatory choriocapillaropathies (PICCPs): updating and expanding the spectrum through multimodal imaging.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2026Review
- Non-Infectious Choroiditis Subdivided into Its Diverse Pathophysiological Sub-Groups Is the Best-Known and Most Appropriate Nomenclature to Date for the Reclassification and Diagnosis of Former White Dot Entities.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Full-field electroretinogram (ffERG) over 48 months correlates with baseline retinal dysfunction in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: a longitudinal study.Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Immune pathogenic response landscape of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy revealed by scRNA sequencing.Genes and immunity · 2025Article
- Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome masquerading as atypical optic neuritis: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2025Article
- Advances in the Study of the Pathogenesis of Vogt-Koyanagi- Harada Syndrome.Current molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome and presentations similar to multiple evanescent white dot syndrome in other disorders: a narrative review.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Review
- EOG and the En-Face Inner Segment/Outer Segment-Ellipsoid Complex Image in Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome.International medical case reports journal · 2024Article
- Multimodal Imaging in Diagnosing Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome following Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Immunization.Case reports in ophthalmological medicine · 2024Article
- Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE): A Comprehensive Approach and Case Series: Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy Is Necessary in a Large Proportion of Cases.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Current Immunomodulatory/Immunosuppressive Therapy of Non-Infectious and/or Immune-Mediated Choroiditis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Commentary: Importance of ocular imaging in macular serpiginous choroiditis.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Inflammatory Choriocapillaropathies (PICCPs): A Comprehensive Overview.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- "White dot syndromes", an inappropriate and outdated misnomer.International ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS): update on practical appraisal, diagnosis and clinicopathology; a review and an alternative comprehensive perspective.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2021Review
- Clinicopathology of non-infectious choroiditis: evolution of its appraisal during the last 2-3 decades from "white dot syndromes" to precise classification.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2021Review
- Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE).Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2021Review
- Long-Term Clinical and Multimodal Imaging Findings in Patients with Disseminated Mycobacterium Chimaera Infection.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Reactivation of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease under control for more than 6 years, following anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The choroid was poorly accessible to imaging investigation until the last decade of the last century. With the availability of more precise imaging methods such as indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and, later, optical coherence tomography (OCT), enhanced depth OCT (EDI-OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA), appraisal of choroidal inflammation has substantially gained in accuracy. This allowed to precisely determine which structures were touched in the different non-infectious choroiditis entities and made it possible to classify this group of diseases, ICGA signs, mainly hypofluorescent lesions, were identified and described. Previous publications have divided angiographic findings into two main sets of signs: (1) irregular "geographic" hypofluorescent areas corresponding to choriocapillaris non-perfusion and (2) round more regular, hypofluorescent dark dots more evenly distributed in the fundus corresponding to more deep choroidal stromal foci. These distinct findings allowed to subdivide and classify choroiditis into choriocapillaritis and stromal choroiditis. Additional signs were identified from EDI-OCT and OCTA examination supporting the classification of choroiditis into choriocapillaritis and stromal choroiditis. Results: Diseases involving principally the choriocapillaris included Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS), Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE), Idiopathic Multifocal Choroiditis (MFC), and Serpiginous Choroiditis (SC) as well as mixed forms. Diseases primarily involving the choroidal stroma included HLA-A29 Birdshot Retinochoroiditis (BRC), Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH), Sympathetic Ophthalmia (SO), and Sarcoidosis chorioretinitis (SARC). Thanks to new imaging investigations of the choroid, it is now possible to classify and understand the diverse clinicopathological mechanisms in the group of non-infectious choroiditis entities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.