ArticleDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)2021
COVID-19 Vaccine and Death: Causality Algorithm According to the WHO Eligibility Diagnosis.
Article in Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- An overview and single-arm meta-analysis of immune-mediated adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- A systemic review and recommendation for an autopsy approach to death followed the COVID 19 vaccination.Forensic science international · 2022Pooled it
- Association between COVID-19 vaccination and sudden death in apparently healthy younger individuals: A population-based case-control study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Zimbabwe adverse events following immunisation surveillance system: A descriptive study with COVID-19 vaccine safety updates.Southern African journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Off-the-Shelf Large Language Models for Causality Assessment of Individual Case Safety Reports: A Proof-of-Concept with COVID-19 Vaccines.Drug safety · 2025Article
- Artificial Intelligence Approach in Machine Learning-Based Modeling and Networking of the Coronavirus Pathogenesis Pathway.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- The WHO Algorithm for Causality Assessment of Adverse Effects Following Immunization with Genetic-Based Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines: Pitfalls and Suggestions for Improvement.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Autoantibodies to protein S may explain rare cases of coagulopathy following COVID-19 vaccination.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus following COVID-19 vaccination: a report of two cases and review of literature.Diabetology international · 2024Article
- No link between type I interferon autoantibody positivity and adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Deciphering deaths associated with severe serious adverse events following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A retrospective cohort study.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
- Adverse events following immunization of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine among healthcare workers of a medicine-teaching institution of North India.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- Diagnosis of Acute Myocarditis Following mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: A Methodological Review.Viruses · 2023Review
- Article
- Evaluation of mortality attributable to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administration using national level data from Qatar.Nature communications · 2023Review
- Post-COVID-19 Vaccination CNS Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings: A Systematic Review.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2023Review
- The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination on inflammatory arthritis: a cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Analysis of spontaneous reports of suspected adverse reactions after vaccination against COVID-19 in Slovakia.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination Intention and Factors Associated with Hesitance and Resistance in the Deep South: Montgomery, Alabama.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The current challenge worldwide is the administration of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines. Even if rarely, severe vascular adverse reactions temporally related to vaccine administration have induced diffidence in the population at large. In particular, researchers worldwide are focusing on the so-called "thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination". This study aims to establish a practical workflow to define the relationship between adverse events following immunization (AEFI) and COVID-19 vaccination, following the basic framework of the World Health Organization (WHO). Post-mortem investigation plays a pivotal role to support this causality relationship when death occurs. To demonstrate the usefulness and feasibility of the proposed workflow, we applied it to two exemplificative cases of suspected AEFI following COVID-19 vaccination. Based on the proposed model, we took into consideration any possible causality relationship between COVID-19 vaccine administration and AEFI. This led us to conclude that vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19 may cause the rare development of immune thrombocytopenia mediated by platelet-activating antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4), which clinically mimics heparin-induced autoimmune thrombocytopenia. We suggest the adoption of the proposed methodology in order to confirm or rule out a causal relationship between vaccination and the occurrence of AEFI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.