ArticleViruses2021
Evidence of West Nile Virus Circulation in Lebanon.
Article in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- MediLabSecure: A decade of One Health actions to prevent emerging vector-borne diseases in the Mediterranean, Sahel and Black Sea regions.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Strengthening resilience to emerging vector-borne diseases in Europe: lessons learnt from countries facing endemic transmission.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Review
- A meta-analysis onParasitology · 2025Review
- A comprehensive review on the epidemiology of arboviruses in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO): insights from the WHO's Regional Office.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2025Article
- West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in Wild Birds and Equines in Madrid Province, Spain.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- West Nile, Sindbis and Usutu Viruses: Evidence of Circulation in Mosquitoes and Horses in Tunisia.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The tiger mosquito in Lebanon two decades after its introduction: A growing health concern.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- The unseen peril: Jordan's vulnerability amid the ongoing West Nile Virus fatalities in Palestine.New microbes and new infectionsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has never been reported from Lebanon. Yet, this country is located on the flyway of migratory birds in the Middle East region. Serological screening was conducted to assess the potential circulation of this virus. Human, horse, and chicken sera were collected from the Bekaa and North districts. Specific IgG and IgY were first screened by ELISA. Then, positive samples were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Besides this, adult mosquitoes were collected and tested for the presence of WNV RNA using conventional RT-PCR. Sera screening revealed a seroprevalence rate reaching 1.86% among humans and 2.47% among horses. Cross-reactions revealed by ELISA suggested the circulation of flaviviruses other than WNV. None of the tested mosquitoes was positive for WNV. The observed results constitute strong evidence of local exposure of the Lebanese population to this virus and the first report of equine WNV in Lebanon.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.