ArticleNutrients2021
Reduction in Maternal Energy Intake during Lactation Decreased Maternal Body Weight and Concentrations of Leptin, Insulin and Adiponectin in Human Milk without Affecting Milk Production, Milk Macronutrient Composition or Infant Growth.
Article in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07457515 (Analysis of the Transmission of Overweight/Obesity in the Mother-breastmilk-child Triad in Relation to Maternal Cardiometabolic Status and Diet), which is not on this map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Analysis of the Transmission of Overweight/Obesity in the Mother-breastmilk-child Triad in Relation to Maternal Cardiometabolic Status and Diet
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Milk Bioactive Components and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- The association between maternal factors and milk hormone concentrations: a systematic review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Early life sugar rationing and ageing related diseases, biological ageing and mortality.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Maternal cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with metabolic hormone concentrations in human milk.Npj exercise medicine and health · 2026Article
- Impact of Maternal Overweight and Obesity on Adipokines During Pregnancy and Lactation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Regulation of Energy Intake in Infancy: A Narrative Review.Current obesity reports · 2025Review
- Association Between Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Adiposity Measures in Lactating Women.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Human milk oligosaccharide secretion dynamics during breastfeeding and its antimicrobial role: A systematic review.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2025Article
- Understanding the Role of Adipokines in Cardiometabolic Dysfunction: A Review of Current Knowledge.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Article
- A Mediterranean diet plan in lactating women with obesity reduces maternal energy intake and modulates human milk composition - a feasibility study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Association of maternal body composition and diet on breast milk hormones and neonatal growth during the first month of lactation.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Human Milk Macronutrients and Bioactive Molecules and Development of Regional Fat Depots in Western Australian Infants during the First 12 Months of Lactation.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Effect of a reduced fat and sugar maternal dietary intervention during lactation on the infant gut microbiome.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Maternal diet has the potential to affect human milk (HM) composition, but very few studies have directly assessed the effect of maternal diets on HM composition. The primary aim of this study was to assess the effect of improving dietary quality in lactating women over 2 weeks on the concentrations of macronutrients and metabolic hormones in HM. The secondary aims were to assess the impact of the dietary intervention on 24 h milk production, maternal body composition and infant growth. Fifteen women completed a 1-week baseline period followed by a 2-week dietary intervention phase targeted towards reducing fat and sugar intake. Maternal anthropometric and body composition and infant growth measurements were performed weekly. Total 24 h milk production was measured before and after the dietary intervention, and HM samples were collected daily. Maternal intakes of energy (-33%), carbohydrate (-22%), sugar (-29%), fat (-54%) and saturated fat (-63%) were significantly reduced during the dietary intervention. HM insulin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations were 10-25% lower at the end of the dietary intervention, but HM concentrations of macronutrients were unaffected. Maternal body weight (-1.8%) and fat mass (-6.3%) were significantly reduced at the end of the dietary intervention, but there were no effects on 24 h milk production or infant growth. These results suggest that reducing maternal energy, carbohydrate, fat and sugar intake over a 2-week period is associated with significant reductions in HM insulin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations. These changes may be secondary to decreases in maternal weight and fat mass. The limited studies to date that have investigated the association between metabolic hormone concentrations in HM and infant growth raise the possibility that the changes in HM composition observed in the current study could impact infant growth and adiposity, but further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.