ReviewMicroorganisms2021
Effect of Coxsackievirus B4 Infection on the Thymus: Elucidating Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes.
Review in Microorganisms, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Full-genome analysis of emerging Coxsackievirus B4 genotype D strains associated with herpangina in eastern China.Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- Environmental Mechanisms Influencing the Pathogenesis and Progression of Type 1 Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The perfect storm: unraveling the interplay of genetic predisposition and viral triggers in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Research progress of SOCS in autoimmune diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Crystal structures of the 3C proteases from Coxsackievirus B3 and B4.Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology communications · 2024Article
- Viruses as a potential environmental trigger of type 1 diabetes mellitus (Review).Biomedical reports · 2024Review
- Transcriptomic profiling of thymic dysregulation and viral tropism after neonatal roseolovirus infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Viruses and Endocrine Diseases.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- A Monovalent Mt10-CVB3 Vaccine Prevents CVB4-Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Coxsackievirus Infection and Associated Diseases.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Persistent coxsackievirus B infection and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2022Review
- Immune Modulation Using Extracellular Vesicles Encapsulated with MicroRNAs as Novel Drug Delivery Systems.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Review
- Fighting Enteroviral Infections to Prevent Type 1 Diabetes.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Mt10-CVB3 Vaccine Virus Protects against CVB4 Infection by Inducing Cross-Reactive, Antigen-Specific Immune Responses.Microorganisms · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The thymus gland is a primary lymphoid organ for T-cell development. Various viral infections can result in disturbance of thymic functions. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are important for the negative selection of self-reactive T-cells to ensure central tolerance. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is the dominant self-peptide of the insulin family expressed in mTECs and plays a crucial role in the intra-thymic programing of central tolerance to insulin-secreting islet β-cells. Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) can infect and persist in the thymus of humans and mice, thus hampering the T-cell maturation and differentiation process. The modulation of IGF2 expression and protein synthesis during a CVB4 infection has been observed in vitro and in vivo in mouse models. The effect of CVB4 infections on human and mouse fetal thymus has been studied in vitro. Moreover, following the inoculation of CVB4 in pregnant mice, the thymic function in the fetus and offspring was disturbed. A defect in the intra-thymic expression of self-peptides by mTECs may be triggered by CVB4. The effects of viral infections, especially CVB4 infection, on thymic cells and functions and their possible role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are presented.
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