ArticleNutrients2021
Maternal Distress and Social Support Are Linked to Human Milk Immune Properties.
Article in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Mind to Milk: The Influence of Psychological Factors on the Composition of Human Breast Milk.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Adiposity-dependent adipokine-immunoglobulin interplay in mature breast milk.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Observational
- Determinants of human milk lactoferrin concentrations in rural Bangladesh.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Differential microRNAs and metabolites in the breast milk of mothers with adverse childhood experiences.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Maternal immune activation during the lactational period alters offspring behavior, reproductive development, and immune function in mice.Hormones and behavior · 2025Article
- Maternal immune activation during the lactational period alters offspring behavior, reproductive development, and immune function in mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Lactoferrin and SIgA Concentrations in Human Milk of SARS-CoV-Infected Mothers-Polish Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Postpartum Maternal Stress is Unrelated to the Infant Fecal Microbiome, but is Associated With the Human Milk Microbiome in Exclusively Breastfeeding Mother-Infant Dyads: The Mother-Infant Microbiomes, Behavior, and Ecology Study (MIMBES).American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- The primiparous IgA and IL-5 colostrum concentration based on maternal factor: corroborate the inflammation pathways to IgA colostrum synthesis.AJOG global reports · 2025Article
- The association between maternal stress and human milk concentrations of cortisol and prolactin.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Breast milk oxytocin and s-IgA modulate infant biomarkers and social engagement; The role of maternal anxiety.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2024Article
- Association between maternal stress and premature milk cortisol, milk IgA, and infant health: a cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Effects of Maternal Stress on Breast Milk Production and the Microbiota of Very Premature Infants.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Maternal Distress during Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: Underlying Mechanisms and Child's Developmental Outcomes-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Factors Influencing Cortisol Concentrations in Breastmilk and Its Associations with Breastmilk Composition and Infant Development in the First Six Months of Lactation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Antenatal Classes in the Context of Prenatal Anxiety and Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Maternal Stress and Human Milk Antibodies During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Possible alterations of maternal immune function due to psychological stress may reflect immunoactive factor levels in breast milk. This study aimed to assess the association between maternal distress and breast milk levels of secretory IgA (SIgA), IgM, IgG, and lactoferrin (LF). We hypothesized that this association is moderated by maternal social support achieved from others during lactation. The study group included 103 lactating mothers and their healthy five-month-old infants. Maternal distress was determined based on the State Anxiety Inventory and the level of salivary cortisol. Social support was assessed using the Berlin Social Support Scales. Breast milk samples were collected to test for SIgA, IgM, IgG, and LF using the ELISA method. Milk immunoactive factors were regressed against maternal anxiety, social support, salivary cortisol, and infant gestational age using the general regression model. Maternal anxiety was negatively associated with milk levels of LF (β = -0.23,
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.