ReviewAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2021
The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 as an Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent.
Review in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 161 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
161 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 232 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of preclinical studies on therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their secretome in bacterial infections.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Biologic Brachytherapy: Genetically Modified Surgical Flap as a Therapeutic Tool-A Systematic Review of Animal Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- RK-14: A Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Targeting Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Catheter-Associated Biofilms.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Microbe-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides: Immunomodulation and Gut Microbiota Homeostasis.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Membrane Disruption and Charge Neutralization Drive Synergy Between LL37-Derived Peptides and Polymyxins AgainstBiomolecules · 2026Article
- Antibiotic loaded solid lipid nanoparticles target bacteria in a pyogenic spondylitis rat model.Discover nano · 2026Article
- Metallo-beta-lactamase α-helix fragment modified peptide N10 is a multifunctional antimicrobial peptide.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Exploratory Evaluation of Susceptibility Patterns of Clinical Isolates ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Vitamin D as an Immuno-Endocrine Modulator: Discovering Its Role in Autoimmune Disorders and Host Defense Mechanisms.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Mesenchymal stem cell-derived conditioned medium demonstrates novel antibacterial effects in ocular bacterial infections.Infection and immunity · 2026Article
- Overcoming LPS-mediated resistance in gram-negative pathogens: a review of LL-37 analogs and computational design strategies.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of stem cells from apical papilla and their conditioned medium against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Synergistic Action of Antimicrobial Peptides and Antibiotics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Genetic modification of intractable bacterial clones by heat shock-facilitated phage transduction.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Aggregation-State Dynamics Drive Double Cooperativity Between Antimicrobial Peptides LL-37 and HNP1.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- LL-37: Biological Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Applications in Intestinal Disease.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Review
- Identifying Cytokine Motif-Containing, Immunomodulatory Bacterial Proteins in Human Gut Microbiome.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Optimized LL-37-Derived Peptides Exhibit Antitubercular Activity, Induce Membrane Disruption, and P-Type ATPase Transcriptional Responses inBiomolecules · 2026Article
- Detection to Disruption: A Comprehensive Review of Bacterial Biofilms and Therapeutic Advances.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
101 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistant bacteria threatens the current methods utilized to treat bacterial infections. The development of novel therapeutic agents is crucial in avoiding a post-antibiotic era and the associated deaths from antibiotic resistant pathogens. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 has been considered as a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics as it displays broad spectrum antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities as well as immunomodulatory functions. While LL-37 has shown promising results, it has yet to receive regulatory approval as a peptide antibiotic. Despite the strong antimicrobial properties, LL-37 has several limitations including high cost, lower activity in physiological environments, susceptibility to proteolytic degradation, and high toxicity to human cells. This review will discuss the challenges associated with making LL-37 into a viable antibiotic treatment option, with a focus on antimicrobial resistance and cross-resistance as well as adaptive responses to sub-inhibitory concentrations of the peptide. The possible methods to overcome these challenges, including immobilization techniques, LL-37 delivery systems, the development of LL-37 derivatives, and synergistic combinations will also be considered. Herein, we describe how combination therapy and structural modifications to the sequence, helicity, hydrophobicity, charge, and configuration of LL-37 could optimize the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of LL-37 for future clinical use.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.