ReviewCancers2021
Mechanisms of Immune Escape and Resistance to Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapies in Mismatch Repair Deficient Metastatic Colorectal Cancers.
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed.
- XL888 and pembrolizumab modulate the immune landscape of colorectal tumors in a phase Ib/II clinical trial.Oncoimmunology · 2025Trial
- Detection of MSI signals from peripheral blood for monitoring response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy in patients with advanced microsatellite-unstable gastrointestinal cancers: A pilot study.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Immune-microbiota crosstalk in colorectal cancer: mechanistic pathways, biomarkers, and translational therapeutics.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Current Status of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mismatch Repair Deficient Colorectal Cancer.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Review
- Degrees of H2AX phosphorylation correlate with unique features of the intratumoral immune microenvironment in colorectal carcinomas.The oncologist · 2026Article
- Advances in Colorectal Cancer Cell Biology and Clonal Evolution.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Understanding the Tumor Microenvironmental Mechanisms Driving Immunotherapy Resistance in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Next Generation DNA Damage Response Inhibitors: Harnessing Nanocarriers and Tumor Microenvironment for Precision Cancer Therapy.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer: current treatment paradigms, limitations and future perspectives.BMJ oncology · 2026Review
- Mismatch Repair as a Dynamic and Clinically Actionable Vulnerability in Cancer.Cancer research · 2025Review
- Role of T cell exhaustion and tissue-resident memory T cells in the expression and prognosis of colorectal cancer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Repurposing anti-mesothelin CAR-NK immunotherapy against colorectal cancer.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- SPP1+ macrophages and FAP+ fibroblasts promote the progression of pMMR gastric cancer.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Review
- Immune microenvironmental heterogeneity according to tumor DNA methylation phenotypes in microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancers.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Article
- The Genetic Analysis and Clinical Therapy in Lung Cancer: Current Advances and Future Directions.Cancers · 2024Review
- The role of CD8Heliyon · 2024Review
- Multimodal Treatment of Metastatic Rectal Cancer in a Young Patient: Case Report and Literature Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- Combined signature of G protein-coupled receptors and tumor microenvironment provides a prognostic and therapeutic biomarker for skin cutaneous melanoma.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) represent an effective therapeutic strategy for several different types of solid tumors and are remarkably effective in mismatch repair deficient (MMRd) tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). The prevalent view is that the elevated and dynamic neoantigen burden associated with the mutator phenotype of MMRd fosters enhanced immune surveillance of these cancers. In addition, recent findings suggest that MMRd tumors have increased cytosolic DNA, which triggers the cGAS STING pathway, leading to interferon-mediated immune response. Unfortunately, approximately 30% of MMRd CRC exhibit primary resistance to CPIs, while a substantial fraction of tumors acquires resistance after an initial benefit. Profiling of clinical samples and preclinical studies suggests that alterations in the Wnt and the JAK-STAT signaling pathways are associated with refractoriness to CPIs. Intriguingly, mutations in the antigen presentation machinery, such as loss of MHC or Beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), are implicated in initial immune evasion but do not impair response to CPIs. In this review, we outline how understanding the mechanistic basis of immune evasion and CPI resistance in MMRd CRC provides the rationale for innovative strategies to increase the subset of patients benefiting from CPIs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.