ArticleGenes2021
Are Cyanobacteria an Ancestor of Chloroplasts or Just One of the Gene Donors for Plants and Algae?
Article in Genes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative Chloroplast Genomics, Codon Usage Bias, and Phylogenetic Placement ofCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Holobiontic Intercellular Relationships Between the Oral Cavity and the Rest of the Human Organism: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Metabolic engineering of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 for olivetolic acid production.Microbial cell factories · 2026Article
- Chloroplast genome sequencing of Poa pratensis and comparative chloroplast genomics analysis with other 29 grass species.Functional & integrative genomics · 2026Article
- Evolution of Plant AIG1-like Proteins: Different Modes of Sequence Divergence and Their Contributions to Functional Diversification.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Photosynthetic Complexes of Thylakoid Membranes of Photoautotrophs and a Quartet of Their Polar Lipids.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Boosting drought resilience: the role of endophytic Bacillus safensis in enhancing melatonin production in chickpea cultivars.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- Unveiling the Biotechnological Potential of Cyanobacteria from the Portuguese LEGE-CC Collection Through Lipidomics and Antioxidant and Lipid-Lowering Properties.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Identification and characterization of archaeal pseudomurein biosynthesis genes through pangenomics.mSystems · 2025Article
- Review
- Genomic and biochemical analyses of lipid biosynthesis in Cyanophora paradoxa: limited role of the chloroplast in fatty acid synthesis.Journal of experimental botany · 2025Article
- On the origin of fatty acid biosynthesis in Archaeplastida.Journal of experimental botany · 2025Article
- Chloroplasts with clefts and holes: a reassessment of the chloroplast shape using 3D FE-SEM cellular reconstruction of two species of Chlamydomonas.Protoplasma · 2025Article
- Incorporation of photosynthetically active algal chloroplasts in cultured mammalian cells towards photosynthesis in animals.Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences · 2024Article
- Comparative Chloroplast Genomes Analysis Provided Adaptive Evolution Insights inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Regulation of Microalgal Photosynthetic Electron Transfer.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Review
- Establishment and Validation of a New Analysis Strategy for the Study of Plant Endophytic Microorganisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The MicroalgaeNutrients · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chloroplasts of plants and algae are currently believed to originate from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont, mainly based on the shared proteins involved in the oxygenic photosynthesis and gene expression system. The phylogenetic relationship between the chloroplast and cyanobacterial genomes was important evidence for the notion that chloroplasts originated from cyanobacterial endosymbiosis. However, studies in the post-genomic era revealed that various substances (glycolipids, peptidoglycan, etc.) shared by cyanobacteria and chloroplasts are synthesized by different pathways or phylogenetically unrelated enzymes. Membranes and genomes are essential components of a cell (or an organelle), but the origins of these turned out to be different. Besides, phylogenetic trees of chloroplast-encoded genes suggest an alternative possibility that chloroplast genes could be acquired from at least three different lineages of cyanobacteria. We have to seriously examine that the chloroplast genome might be chimeric due to various independent gene flows from cyanobacteria. Chloroplast formation could be more complex than a single event of cyanobacterial endosymbiosis. I present the "host-directed chloroplast formation" hypothesis, in which the eukaryotic host cell that had acquired glycolipid synthesis genes as an adaptation to phosphate limitation facilitated chloroplast formation by providing glycolipid-based membranes (pre-adaptation). The origins of the membranes and the genome could be different, and the origin of the genome could be complex.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.