ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Second- and Third-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs-Influence of Smoking Behavior and Inflammation on Pharmacokinetics.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Association Between Chronic Tobacco Smoking and Brain Alterations in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluating Monitoring Guidelines of Clozapine-Induced Adverse Effects: a Systematic Review.CNS drugs · 2024Pooled it
- Brexpiprazole vs. Aripiprazole in Patients with Schizophrenia with or Without Comorbid Substance Use Disorder: A 12-Month Real-World Naturalistic Study of Efficacy.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Association Between Levels of the Acute Phase Proteins Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein and C-Reactive Protein and Serum Concentrations of Clozapine: A Study of 1106 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Samples.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2026Article
- Closing the loop: human-augmented, mechanistically enhanced AI for proactive management of drug-drug interactions.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Analytical Biomarkers for Inflammation Status Monitoring of Psychotropic and Antiepileptic Drugs.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios correlate with increased clozapine concentration-to-dose ratios during titration.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Acute inflammation induced by the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide considerably increases the systemic and brain exposure of olanzapine after oral administration in mice.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Clozapine-induced gastrointestinal hypomotility: UK pharmacovigilance reports, 2018-2022.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- Clozapine-associated adverse drug reactions in 38,349 psychiatric inpatients: drug surveillance data from the AMSP project between 1993 and 2016.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Observational
- Increased antipsychotic drug concentration in hospitalized patients with mental disorders following COVID-19 infection: a call for attention.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Predictors of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Medication Use in Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum, Bipolar, and Other Psychotic Disorders in a US Community-based, Integrated Health System.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2024Article
- Association of smoking cigarettes, age, and sex with serum concentrations of olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia.Biochemia medica · 2023Article
- Immunological Biomarkers as Predictors of Treatment Response in Psychotic Disorders.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Current Status of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Mental Health Treatment: A Review.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Editorial: Advances in therapeutic drug monitoring of psychiatric subjects: Analytical strategies and clinical approaches.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- [Vaccination Against COVID-19 in Patients Treated with Psychotropic Drugs].Psychiatrische Praxis · 2021Article
- A Case of Olanzapine Resistance from Heavy Smoking and Clinical Considerations.Kansas journal of medicineArticle
- Elevated Clozapine Blood Concentrations After Second COVID-19 Vaccination With Spikevax (COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna).Journal of clinical psychopharmacologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Both inflammation and smoking can influence a drug's pharmacokinetic properties, i.e., its liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Depending on, e.g., pharmacogenetics, these changes may alter treatment response or cause serious adverse drug reactions and are thus of clinical relevance. Antipsychotic drugs, used in the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia, should be closely monitored due to multiple factors (e.g., the narrow therapeutic window of certain psychotropic drugs, the chronicity of most mental illnesses, and the common occurrence of polypharmacotherapy in psychiatry). Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) aids with drug titration by enabling the quantification of patients' drug levels. Recommendations on the use of TDM during treatment with psychotropic drugs are presented in the Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology; however, data on antipsychotic drug levels during inflammation or after changes in smoking behavior-both clinically relevant in psychiatry-that can aid clinical decision making are sparse. The following narrative review provides an overview of relevant literature regarding TDM in psychiatry, particularly in the context of second- and third-generation antipsychotic drugs, inflammation, and smoking behavior. It aims to spread awareness regarding TDM (most pronouncedly of clozapine and olanzapine) as a tool to optimize drug safety and provide patient-tailored treatment.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.