ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Foundational Statistical Principles in Medical Research: A Tutorial on Odds Ratios, Relative Risk, Absolute Risk, and Number Needed to Treat.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Physical and Psychological Predictors for Persistent and Recurrent Non-Specific Neck Pain: A Systematic Review.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- [Interpretation of effect measures in clinical research: A practical guide for the clinician].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2026Review
- Clays as Additives in Ruminant Feed: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Their Effects on Enteric Methane, Digestion, Health and Productivity.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Types of Percentages in Different Studies and Their Applications in Medical Research.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Letter to the Editor: "Critical appraisal of MASLD subtypes and pregnancy outcome associations in a nationwide cohort".Hepatology international · 2026Article
- Challenges in recurrent head and neck squamous cell cancer treatment: systematic review andClinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026Review
- Improving lesion detection skills in medical imaging education through enhanced peripheral visual perception.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Real-world evidence: state-of-the-art and future perspectives.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2025Review
- Inferential statistics for cardiothoracic surgeons: Part 3 - drawing valid conclusions from clinical data.Indian journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery · 2025Article
- Effects of a Dietary Multi-Mineral Bolus on Udder Health in Dairy Cows: A Clinical Assessment.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Left atrial appendage exclusion during open cardiac surgery in patients without atrial fibrillation reduces 4-year ischemic stroke and mortality.JTCVS structural and endovascular · 2024Article
- The Proper Calculation of Risk Ratios: How and Why.Perspectives on behavior science · 2024Review
- Development of a Method to Determine the Environmental Burden of Diseases and an Application to Identify Factors Driving Changes in the Number of PMEnvironment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Article
- Identification of cost-effective biosecurity measures to reduceFrontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Analysis of Costs per Responder in US Adults with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria with a Suboptimal Response to Prior Eculizumab Treatment.Hematology reports · 2023Article
- Investigating the incidence and risk factors of hypertension: A multicentre retrospective cohort study in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.PloS one · 2022Article
- Risk-Profile and Feature Selection Comparison in Diabetic Retinopathy.Journal of personalized medicine · 2021Article
- Who's Not Talking? Nonresponse Bias in Healthcare Employee Well-Being Surveys.Journal of healthcare management / American College of Healthcare ExecutivesArticle
- The Use of Proximal Femur Maturity Index in Guiding Brace Weaning for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.JB & JS open accessArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Evidence-based medicine is predicated on the integration of best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to inform care. In medical research, several distinct measures are commonly used to describe the associations between variables, and a sound understanding of these pervasive measures is foundational in the clinician's ability to interpret, synthesize, and apply available evidence from the medical literature. Accordingly, this article aims to provide an educational tutorial/topic primer on some of the most ubiquitous measures of association and risk quantification in medical research, including odds ratios, relative risk, absolute risk, and number needed to treat, using several real-world examples from the medical literature.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.