ReviewPharmaceutics2021
The Vaginal Microbiota, Bacterial Biofilms and Polymeric Drug-Releasing Vaginal Rings.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Electrospun nanofibers for antibiotic and probiotic co-delivery to target bacterial vaginosis.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Optimizing genetic engineering approaches for protein loading into bacterial extracellular vesicles for vaginal drug delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026Article
- Biofilms in clinical infection: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and the evolving therapeutic landscape.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2026Review
- HIV-1 interactions with sialic acid-binding bacterial lectins promote virus infectivityFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Adjunctive probiotic therapy enhances metronidazole efficacy in bacterial vaginitis: a clinical trial on Iranian women.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2026Article
- Use of hydrophilic pharmaceutical excipients to modulate release of metal ions from silicone elastomers.Drug delivery · 2025Article
- Personalized Vaginal Drug Delivery through 3D Printing: Techniques, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
- Personalized Vaginal Drug Delivery through 3D Printing: Techniques, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
- Article
- Use of an Ethinyl Estradiol/Etonogestrel Vaginal Ring Alters Vaginal Microbial Communities in Women With HIV.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Uterine fibroids and longitudinal profiles of the vaginal microbiota in a cohort presenting for transvaginal ultrasound.PloS one · 2024Article
- Three-Dimensionally Printed Vaginal Rings: Perceptions of Women and Gynecologists in a Cross-Sectional Survey.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Editorial: Microbial biofilms interacting with host mucosal surfaces.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The diversity and dynamics of the microbial species populating the human vagina are increasingly understood to play a pivotal role in vaginal health. However, our knowledge about the potential interactions between the vaginal microbiota and vaginally administered drug delivery systems is still rather limited. Several drug-releasing vaginal ring products are currently marketed for hormonal contraception and estrogen replacement therapy, and many others are in preclinical and clinical development for these and other clinical indications. As with all implantable polymeric devices, drug-releasing vaginal rings are subject to surface bacterial adherence and biofilm formation, mostly associated with endogenous microorganisms present in the vagina. Despite more than 50 years since the vaginal ring concept was first described, there has been only limited study and reporting around bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on rings. With increasing interest in the vaginal microbiome and vaginal ring technology, this timely review article provides an overview of: (i) the vaginal microbiota, (ii) biofilm formation in the human vagina and its potential role in vaginal dysbiosis, (iii) mechanistic aspects of biofilm formation on polymeric surfaces, (iv) polymeric materials used in the manufacture of vaginal rings, (v) surface morphology characteristics of rings, (vi) biomass accumulation and biofilm formation on vaginal rings, and (vii) regulatory considerations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.