ReviewBrain sciences2021
Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: Role of Neuroinflammation. A Literature Review.
Review in Brain sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of the Predictive and Diagnostic Uses of Neuroinflammation Biomarkers for Epileptogenesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Nonlinear Association Between the C-Reactive Protein-To-Albumin Ratio and Post-Stroke Epilepsy Risk.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Review
- Neuroinflammation promotes the development of pharmacoresistant epilepsy by triggering the MSK1/CREB signaling pathway.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Microglial phagocytosis in epilepsy: Mechanisms and impact.The Journal of physiology · 2026Review
- Elucidating the putative role of cannabigerol: a hypothesis-generating review of neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms with implications for drug-resistant epilepsy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- A spectral- topological network signature of drug-resistant epilepsy: a phase 1-2 study on resting-state EEG-based diagnostic biomarkers of drug resistance.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2026Observational
- Elevated serum plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is associated with seizure burden, drug resistance, and neuroinflammatory markers in pediatric epilepsy.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Explainable machine learning identifies immune-inflammatory biomarkers and therapeutic candidates in drug-resistant epilepsy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibition: An Experimental Approach to Overcome Drug Resistance in a Rotenone-Corneal 6 Hz Kindling Mouse Model of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- IL-1β and HMGB1 in Epileptogenesis: Recent Advances and Clinical Translation.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A Revolutionary Approach for Combating Efflux Transporter-mediated Resistant Epilepsy: Advanced Drug Delivery Systems.Current pharmaceutical design · 2025Review
- Construction of epilepsy diagnosis model based on cell senescence-related genes and its potential mechanism.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Article
- The Purinergic P2X7 Receptor as a Target for Adjunctive Treatment for Drug-Refractory Epilepsy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in the Molecular Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis and Targeted Therapy.Neuroscience bulletin · 2024Review
- Downregulation of Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 15 (USP15) Does Not Provide Therapeutic Benefit in Experimental Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Virus-Induced Epilepsy vs. Epilepsy Patients Acquiring Viral Infection: Unravelling the Complex Relationship for Precision Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Impact of Vitamin D and IL-1β on Quality of Life in Pediatric Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2024Article
- Mechanistic insight of curcumin: a potential pharmacological candidate for epilepsy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurring spontaneous seizures. Drug resistance appears in 30% of patients and it can lead to premature death, brain damage or a reduced quality of life. The purpose of the study was to analyze the drug resistance mechanisms, especially neuroinflammation, in the epileptogenesis. The information bases of biomedical literature Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar and SciVerse were used. To obtain full-text documents, electronic resources of PubMed Central and Research Gate were used. The article examines the recent research of the mechanisms of drug resistance in epilepsy and discusses the hypotheses of drug resistance development (genetic, epigenetic, target hypothesis, etc.). Drug-resistant epilepsy is associated with neuroinflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative processes. Neuroinflammation causes immune, pathophysiological, biochemical and psychological consequences. Focal or systemic unregulated inflammatory processes lead to the formation of aberrant neural connections and hyperexcitable neural networks. Inflammatory mediators affect the endothelium of cerebral vessels, destroy contacts between endothelial cells and induce abnormal angiogenesis (the formation of "leaky" vessels), thereby affecting the blood-brain barrier permeability. Thus, the analysis of pro-inflammatory and other components of epileptogenesis can contribute to the further development of the therapeutic treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.