ReviewVaccines2021
Delivery Routes for COVID-19 Vaccines.
Review in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mucosal immunity and vaccination strategies: current insights and future perspectives.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- Highly Effective mRNA-LNP Vaccine Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Multiple Models.Vaccines · 2025Article
- COVID-19 vaccine updates for people under different conditions.Science China. Life sciences · 2024Review
- The roles of CD4Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2024Article
- A single-dose intranasal live-attenuated codon deoptimized vaccine provides broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Vaccines for Respiratory Viruses-COVID and Beyond.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Article
- Non-Invasive Vaccines: Challenges in Formulation and Vaccine Adjuvants.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- An update on vaccine status and the role of nanomedicine against SARS-CoV-2: A narrative review.Health science reports · 2023Article
- Protective Efficacy of a Mucosal Influenza Vaccine Formulation Based on the Recombinant Nucleoprotein Co-Administered with a TLR2/6 Agonist BPPcysMPEG.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Significance of Conserved Regions in Coronavirus Spike Protein for Developing a Novel Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Vaccines · 2023Review
- The Role of Immunity in the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and in the Protection Generated by COVID-19 Vaccines in Different Age Groups.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- Recent updates on liposomal formulations for detection, prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19).International journal of pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- The impact of primary immunization route on the outcome of infection with SARS-CoV-2 in a hamster model of COVID-19.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccination is associated with IgA nephropathy: an analysis of the Japanese adverse drug event report database.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Vaccines, Effectiveness, and Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- COVID-19 intranasal vaccines: current progress, advantages, prospects, and challenges.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Review
- Localized lipoatrophy and inadvertent subcutaneous administration of a COVID-19 vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Specific Humoral Immune Responses after BNT162b2 Vaccination in Hospital Healthcare Workers.Vaccines · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has resulted in a pandemic with millions of deaths. To eradicate SARS-CoV-2 and prevent further infections, many vaccine candidates have been developed. These vaccines include not only traditional subunit vaccines and attenuated or inactivated viral vaccines but also nucleic acid and viral vector vaccines. In contrast to the diversity in the platform technology, the delivery of vaccines is limited to intramuscular vaccination. Although intramuscular vaccination is safe and effective, mucosal vaccination could improve the local immune responses that block the spread of pathogens. However, a lack of understanding of mucosal immunity combined with the urgent need for a COVID-19 vaccine has resulted in only intramuscular vaccinations. In this review, we summarize the history of vaccines, current progress in COVID-19 vaccine technology, and the status of intranasal COVID-19 vaccines. Future research should determine the most effective route for vaccine delivery based on the platform and determine the mechanisms that underlie the efficacy of different delivery routes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.