ReviewBiology2021
Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease-The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction.
Review in Biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Periodontal Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International dental journal · 2025Pooled it
- The waterpipe smoking and human health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 191 observational studies.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Periodontal Indices and Cytokines of Ex-Smokers/Non-Smokers After Bleaching.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Subgingival Microbiome in Young Adult Cigarette Smokers, E-Cigarette Users, and Non-Smokers.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Association of tobacco use with periodontal status and salivary biomarkers (thiocyanate and pH) among construction workers: a cross-sectional study.The Saudi dental journal · 2026Article
- A Narrative Review on the Impact of ENDS Use on Clinical, Inflammatory and Microbiological Periodontal-Related Parameters.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- Gingival Blood Vessels in Smokers and Nonsmokers: A Scoping Review.European journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Discordance in the 2018 Periodontal Classification: Conceptual Challenges and a Biologically Grounded Framework for Interpretation.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Effects of smoking on palatal thickness, density, and vascularization assessed by high-frequency ultrasonography.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Oral Wound Healing.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Impact of smoking and periodontitis on salivary IL-39, IL-41, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels: a cross-sectional analysis.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Adolescent and young adult periodontitis: modifiable inflammatory pathways and risk stratification.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- The role of smoking habits in periodontal health and disease: A cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco: Exploring the Intricate Relationship between Smokeless Tobacco Dependence and Periodontal Status.International journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Adjunctive Use of Ozone Therapy in Treating Periodontitis in Smokers: A Prospective Split-Mouth Study.International journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Smoking Cessation and Outcome of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy: A Retrospective Analysis.International journal of dental hygiene · 2025Article
- Endo-Periodontal Lesions in Endodontically Treated Teeth with Periapical Pathology.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Periradicular Temperature Changes and Risk Management During Heat-Inducing Endodontic Disinfection Procedures In Vitro.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Decoding different oxidative stress pathways in periodontitis: a comparative review of mechanisms of traditional tobacco smoke and electronic smoke aerosol.Archives of toxicology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Periodontal disease consists in highly prevalent wide-ranging inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting apparatus of teeth. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for periodontal disease as it increases disease severity and periodontal surgery complications. Tobacco use is harmful for the vasculature by causing microvascular dysfunction, which is known to negatively affect periodontal disease. To the author's knowledge this paper is the first comprehensive review on the mechanisms by which tobacco use affects oral microcirculation and impacts the pathophysiology of periodontal disease. In healthy subjects, acute nicotine administration or tobacco use (smoking/smokeless forms) increases the blood flow in the oral mucosa due to local irritation and increased blood pressure, which overcome neural- and endocrine-mediated vasoconstriction. Chronic tobacco smokers display an increased gingival microvascular density, which is attributed to an increased capillary recruitment, however, these microcirculatory units show higher tortuosity and lower caliber. These morphological changes, together with the repetitive vasoconstrictive insults, contribute to lower gingival perfusion in chronic smokers and do not completely regress upon smoking cessation. In periodontal disease there is considerable gingival inflammation and angiogenesis in non-smokers which, in chronic smokers, are considerably suppressed, in part due to local immune suppression and oxidative stress. Tobacco exposure, irrespective of the form of use, causes long-term microvascular dysfunction that increases the risk of complications due to the natural disease course or secondary therapeutic strategies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.