ReviewViruses2021
B Cell Responses against Influenza Viruses: Short-Lived Humoral Immunity against a Life-Long Threat.
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influenza.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Live-attenuated Rift Valley fever virus vaccination leads to durable, protective immunity independent of sex in C57BL/6 mice.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Age-dependent immune landscapes affect influenza vaccine effectiveness and guide precision strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- H1N1 challenge results in rapid recall of stem-specific immunity in HA stem nanoparticle-vaccinated newborn monkeys.JCI insight · 2025Article
- T Cell Responses to Influenza Infections in Cattle.Viruses · 2025Review
- Elucidating the characteristics and clonal evolutionary trajectory of influenza neuraminidase broadly reactive B cell.Science advances · 2025Article
- Epitope-Specific Antibody Immunodominance Driving Antibody and Influenza Viral Evolution During 2010- 2024.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Co-Delivery of Multiple Toll-Like Receptor Agonists and Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin on Protein Nanoparticles Enhances Vaccine Immunogenicity and Efficacy.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Neuraminidase-specific antibodies drive differential cross-protection between contemporary FLUBV lineages.Science advances · 2025Article
- Structural mapping of polyclonal IgG responses to HA after influenza virus vaccination or infection.mBio · 2025Article
- T cell receptor usage and epitope specificity amongst CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Multi-strain modeling of influenza vaccine effectiveness in older adults and its dependence on antigenic distance.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Structural Mapping of Polyclonal IgG Responses to HA After Influenza Virus Vaccination or Infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Secreted phospholipase PLA2G2E contributes to regulation of T cell immune response against influenza virus infection.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Fighting flu: novel CD8Clinical & translational immunology · 2024Review
- Characterisation of novel influenza-derived HLA-B*18:01-restricted epitopes.Clinical & translational immunology · 2024Article
- Antigen spacing on protein nanoparticles influences antibody responses to vaccination.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Enhancing breadth and durability of humoral immune responses in non-human primates with an adjuvanted group 1 influenza hemagglutinin stem antigen.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Antibodies are critical for providing protection against influenza virus infections. However, protective humoral immunity against influenza viruses is limited by the antigenic drift and shift of the major surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Importantly, people are exposed to influenza viruses throughout their life and tend to reuse memory B cells from prior exposure to generate antibodies against new variants. Despite this, people tend to recall memory B cells against constantly evolving variable epitopes or non-protective antigens, as opposed to recalling them against broadly neutralizing epitopes of hemagglutinin. In this review, we discuss the factors that impact the generation and recall of memory B cells against distinct viral antigens, as well as the immunological limitations preventing broadly neutralizing antibody responses. Lastly, we discuss how next-generation vaccine platforms can potentially overcome these obstacles to generate robust and long-lived protection against influenza A viruses.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.