ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Global Variation in Hand Hygiene Practices Among Adolescents: The Role of Family and School-Level Factors.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07659340 (Effectiveness of Immersive and Embodied Enhancement Via "Virtual Reality" on the Sustainability of Hand Hygiene Compliance), which is not on this map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effectiveness of Immersive and Embodied Enhancement Via "Virtual Reality" on the Sustainability of Hand Hygiene Compliance: School-based RCT With 10-month Follow-up
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- The health behaviors differences among male and female school-age adolescents in the Middle East and North Africa region countries: a meta-analysis of the Global School-based Student Health Survey data.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Immersive and Embodied Enhancement via "Virtual Reality" on the Sustainability of Hand Hygiene Compliance:Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of a School-Based Training Program.JMIR research protocols · 2026Trial
- Relationship Between Oral and Hand Hygiene Behaviours Among Brazilian Adolescents: Analysis of the National Adolescent School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE 2019).International journal of dental hygiene · 2026Article
- Article
- Psychosocial determinants of hand hygiene practices among children and adolescents living with HIV in the Northern city of Malawi.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Oral and hand hygiene practices among adolescents aged 12-17 years in 72 countries: a cross-sectional study using global school-based student health survey data (2010-2019).Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Parents' divorce and early child development: a population-based study in China.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Article
- Association between receiving thePeerJ · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Poor Hand and Oral Hygiene Practices Among Adolescent Students in Eastern China: A Cross-Sectional Study.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2025Article
- Counting adolescents in: the development of an adolescent health indicator framework for population-based settings.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Review
- Assessing Access to WASH in Urban Schools during COVID-19 in Kazakhstan: Case Study of Central Kazakhstan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Knowledge about Hand Hygiene and Related Infectious Disease Awareness among Primary School Children in Germany.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The association of parental involvement with adolescents' well-being in Oman: evidence from the 2015 Global School Health Survey.BMC psychology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While appropriate hand hygiene practices (HHP) are protective against infections, the paucity of evidence on global estimates and determinants of HHP in adolescents limits effective design and planning of intervention to improve HHP in young people. We examined the prevalence and correlates of HHP in adolescents. We used nationally representative data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey (2003-2017) from 92 countries. HHP were categorized as "appropriate", "inappropriate" and "lacking" based on the information about "hand washing before eating", "hand washing after using the toilet", and "hand washing with soap". Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to assess the role of socio-demographic, health, lifestyle, school, and family-related variables in HHP. Among 354,422 adolescents (13-17 years), only 30.3% were found to practice appropriate hand hygiene. Multivariable models suggest that sedentary behavior (adjusted relative risk ratio (ARRR) 1.41, 95% CI 1.31-1.51)), and bullying victimization (ARRR 1.20, 95% CI 1.10-1.30) promoted inappropriate HHP. In contrast, parental supervision (ARRR 0.55, 95% CI 0.50-0.59) and parental bonding (ARRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.75-0.87) were protective against inappropriate HHP. From a policy perspective, hand hygiene promotion policies and programs should focus on both school (bullying, exercise) and family-level factors (parental supervision and parental bonding) factors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.