ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
When the Blood Hits Your Brain: The Neurotoxicity of Extravasated Blood.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- A randomized multi-window 3D deep learning approach for intracranial hemorrhage detection on non-contrast head CT.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2026Article
- Article
- Risk Factors for Non-Space-Occupying Postoperative Hemorrhages Following Brain Tumor Resection Without the Influence of Anticoagulant or Antiplatelet Therapy: A Ten-Year Single-Center Retrospective Analysis.Neurology international · 2026Article
- A new method for visualizing cerebrovascular vessels.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Regional anesthesia after spinal cord injury attenuates behavioral loss, hemorrhage, and cell death.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- Prospective Trial of Cerebrospinal Fluid Filtration After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via Lumbar Catheter Extension (PILLAR-XT).Neurocritical care · 2025Article
- Expert consensus statement for basic research of animal exercise intervention studies in chronic disease prevention and treatment: A joint position paper of the Exercise Science branch of the Biophysical Society of China and the Metabolism and Genetics branch of the Genetics Society of China.Journal of sport and health science · 2025Article
- Genetic and epigenetic architectures of stroke: Insights from GWAS to precision medicine.Neurochemistry international · 2025Review
- From Microbleeds to Iron: AI Prediction of Cerebrospinal Fluid Erythrocyte Load in Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Aphasia and Chronic Subdural Hematoma Evacuation: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Neurosurgery practice · 2025Article
- Iron Hemostasis in Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and the Role of Early CSF Drainage.Neurology · 2025Review
- An In Vitro Platform for Pharmacokinetic Quantification and Optimization of Cerebrospinal Fluid Filtration and Drug Circulation.Journal of medical devices · 2025Article
- Autonomic dysfunction and hemodynamic management after acute spinal cord injury: blood pressure targets, perfusion strategies, and emerging therapies.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- The role of potential oxidative biomarkers in the prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage and the exploration antioxidants as possible preventive and treatment options.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury AIS Grade Conversion.Neurotrauma reports · 2025Review
- Treatment and prognosis analysis of patients with moderate-volume hypertensive basal ganglia haemorrhage using DTI-guided stereotactic puncture-based surgery.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Deep medullary vein dysfunction is associated with cerebral microbleeds in cerebral small vessel disease.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hemorrhage in the central nervous system (CNS), including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), remains highly morbid. Trials of medical management for these conditions over recent decades have been largely unsuccessful in improving outcome and reducing mortality. Beyond its role in creating mass effect, the presence of extravasated blood in patients with CNS hemorrhage is generally overlooked. Since trials of surgical intervention to remove CNS hemorrhage have been generally unsuccessful, the potent neurotoxicity of blood is generally viewed as a basic scientific curiosity rather than a clinically meaningful factor. In this review, we evaluate the direct role of blood as a neurotoxin and its subsequent clinical relevance. We first describe the molecular mechanisms of blood neurotoxicity. We then evaluate the clinical literature that directly relates to the evacuation of CNS hemorrhage. We posit that the efficacy of clot removal is a critical factor in outcome following surgical intervention. Future interventions for CNS hemorrhage should be guided by the principle that blood is exquisitely toxic to the brain.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.