ArticleCancers2021
Changes in Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Population-Based Korean Cohort Study.
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between steatotic liver disease subtype and thyroid cancer in women: A nationwide population-based cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Analysis of the association between water iodine concentration and TyG-BMI index with thyroid diseases: a cross-sectional study in Shandong province, China.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Thyroid Cancer: Epidemiology, Classification, Risk Factors, Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Narrative overview of possible preventive measures for differentiated thyroid carcinomas.Heliyon · 2025Review
- Association between oxidative balance score and prevalence rates of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmune thyroiditis among U.S. adults: evidence from epidemiological studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Association between vitamin C intake and thyroid function among U.S. adults: a population-based study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Therapeutic Approaches to Increase the Survival Rate of Cancer Patients in the Younger and Older Population.Current aging science · 2024Review
- Article
- Cigarette smoking and thyroid cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization study.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Variants in TPO rs2048722, PTCSC2 rs925489 and SEMA4G rs4919510 affect thyroid carcinoma susceptibility risk.BMC medical genomics · 2023Article
- Big Data Research in the Field of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2023Review
- Association Between Genetic Risk, Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle Behavior, and Thyroid Cancer Risk.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Burden of Cancer Due to Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption in Korea.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Burden of Thyroid Cancer From 1990 to 2019 and Projections of Incidence and Mortality Until 2039 in China: Findings From Global Burden of Disease Study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To elucidate potential causality between smoking and alcohol intake on thyroid cancer incidence, we explored the effect of changes in smoking and alcohol consumption habits. From the Korean National Health Insurance database, we identified 4,430,070 individuals who participated in the national health screening program in 2009 and 2011. The level of smoking and alcohol consumption was measured twice, once in 2009 and again in 2011. The risk of thyroid cancer according to their changes was estimated using the Cox proportional hazard model. During the mean follow-up period of 6.32 ± 0.72 years, 29,447 individuals were diagnosed with thyroid cancer. Compared to those who sustained not smoking, non-smokers who initiated smoking to light (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81-1.15), moderate (aHR 0.90, 95% CI 0.78-1.04), and heavy level (aHR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69-0.96) had a decreased risk of thyroid cancer. Heavy smokers who quit smoking had an increased risk of thyroid cancer (aHR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06-1.42) compared to those who sustained heavy smoking. Change in drinking status was not significantly associated with thyroid cancer risk compared to drinking at the same level, although a non-significant trend of increased risk was noted in quitters. Participants who initiated both smoking and drinking (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.93) had a lower risk of thyroid cancer compared with those who continued not to smoke and drink. Our findings provide further evidence that smoking, and possibly alcohol consumption, would have true protective effects on the development of thyroid cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.