ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
PD-1/PD-L1 in Cancer: Pathophysiological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global Epidemiology of PD-L1 Expression in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer based on clinical characteristics: a meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy of Atezolizumab for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Clinical and Molecular Features: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Inhibitors of PD-1 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Molecular Features.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- The soldiers needed to be awakened: Tumor-infiltrating immune cells.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Pooled it
- Atezolizumab plus paclitaxel and bevacizumab as first-line treatment of advanced triple-negative breast cancer: the ATRACTIB phase 2 trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- E3 Ubiquitin Ligase MDM2 Promotes Growth and CD8Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Research Progress on Biomarkers Associated with Cervical Cancer Caused by HPV Infection.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Review
- Immune Checkpoint-Based Therapies in Colorectal Cancer-Current Approaches and Future Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Immunoexpression of programmed death receptor 1 and its ligands in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal · 2026Article
- Efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization combined with PD-1 versus PD-L1 inhibitors in mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Repurposing Itraconazole in Combination with Chemotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor for Cancer.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Towards Precision Oncology: How Advances in Cancer Genomics, Immunobiology and Artificial Intelligence Will Change Molecular Diagnostics.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- The Role of HPV and Hormone in Cervical Precancer and Cancer: Molecular Pathophysiology and Cell Biology of Disease and Treatment.Oncology research · 2026Review
- The Age of Molecular Biomarkers: Cancer in the Era of Personalized Medicine. What Do Pathologists in Developing Countries Need to Know and Understand?International journal of general medicine · 2026Review
- Nanomaterial-based strategies overcome PD-1 related intrinsic immune resistance.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2026Review
- Impact of total gastrectomy plus perioperative PD-1 inhibitors on survival in locally advanced gastric cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Case Report: High TMB fails to predict immunotherapy response inFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immune evasion is a key strategy adopted by tumor cells to escape the immune system while promoting their survival and metastatic spreading. Indeed, several mechanisms have been developed by tumors to inhibit immune responses. PD-1 is a cell surface inhibitory receptor, which plays a major physiological role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. In pathological conditions, activation of the PD-1/PD-Ls signaling pathway may block immune cell activation, a mechanism exploited by tumor cells to evade the antitumor immune control. Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has represented a major breakthrough in cancer treatment. Indeed, the success of PD-1 blockade immunotherapies represents an unprecedented success in the treatment of different cancer types. To improve the therapeutic efficacy, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms regulating PD-1 expression and signaling in the tumor context is required. We provide an overview of the current knowledge of PD-1 expression on both tumor-infiltrating T and NK cells, summarizing the recent evidence on the stimuli regulating its expression. We also highlight perspectives and limitations of the role of PD-L1 expression as a predictive marker, discuss well-established and novel potential approaches to improve patient selection and clinical outcome and summarize current indications for anti-PD1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.