ReviewPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology.
Review in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 120 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 197 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of laboratory investigations into the pathogenesis of avian influenza viruses in wild avifauna of North America.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Spatiotemporal distribution trends and driving factors of avian influenza in poultry in China.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- A phylogeny-informed mathematical modeling of HPAI H5N1 transmission dynamics and effectiveness of control measures.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Quadruplex real-time RT-qPCR for simultaneous detection and subtyping of avian influenza viruses and avian coronaviruses.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Whole-cell surface-display system in attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis for slide microagglutination-based antibody detection.Microbial cell factories · 2026Article
- Determining the Environmental and Ecological Factors Associated With Poultry Farm Spillover of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in British Columbia, Canada.Zoonoses and public health · 2026Article
- A VSV-vector vaccine simultaneously targeting H5N1 hemagglutinin and matrix protein 2 induces robust neutralizing and ADCC antibody responses and provides full protection against lethal H5N1 infection in a mouse model.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Long-Term Monitoring of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Waterfowl: Evidence from the Lake Baikal Basin (2018-2024).Viruses · 2026Article
- Article
- Sero-epidemiological profiling of duck viral hepatitis, avian influenza, and Newcastle disease in transboundary waterfowl populations along the Indonesia-Malaysia border of West Kalimantan.Veterinary world · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- First detection of an H5N2 subtype of Influenza A virus detected in Charadrius collaris from the Brazilian Pantanal.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Surveillance of avian influenza viruses in migratory wild birds in South Korea, 2019-2025.Journal of veterinary science · 2026Article
- Exposure Without Active Infection: Surveillance of Influenza A Viruses and Coronaviruses in Antarctic Seabirds.Viruses · 2026Article
- Integrated approaches to explore temporal-spatial changes in gene reassortment of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) virus in Eurasia, 2000-2023.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Occurrence of diverse circoviruses in wild birds in Hungary.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Host genetics, lung T-cell immunity, and laying activity determine the disease outcome in avian influenza virus-infected chickens.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Quantifying iris pigmentation irregularities following an avian influenza outbreak: implications for population-level disease surveillance in a colonial seabird.Conservation physiology · 2026Article
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Avian influenza is one of the largest known threats to domestic poultry. Influenza outbreaks on poultry farms typically lead to the complete slaughter of the entire domestic bird population, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Moreover, there are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains that are able to infect the swine or human population in addition to their primary avian host and, as such, have the potential of being a global zoonotic and pandemic threat. Migratory birds, especially waterfowl, are a natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus; they carry and exchange different virus strains along their migration routes, leading to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which results in the emergence of novel HPAI viruses. This requires monitoring over time and in different locations to allow for the upkeep of relevant knowledge on avian influenza virus evolution and the prevention of novel epizootic and epidemic outbreaks. In this review, we assess the role of migratory birds in the spread and introduction of influenza strains on a global level, based on recent data. Our analysis sheds light on the details of viral dissemination linked to avian migration, the viral exchange between migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry, virus ecology in general, and viral evolution as a process tightly linked to bird migration. We also provide insight into methods used to detect and quantify avian influenza in the wild. This review may be beneficial for the influenza research community and may pave the way to novel strategies of avian influenza and HPAI zoonosis outbreak monitoring and prevention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.