Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34065171›Full record

ReviewDiseases (Basel, Switzerland)2021

Saliva Exhibits High Sensitivity and Specificity for the Detection of SARS-COV-2.

Ibrahim Warsi, Zohaib Khurshid, Hamda Shazam, Muhammad Farooq Umer, Eisha Imran, Muhammad Owais Khan, Paul Desmond Slowey, J Max Goodson

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
1.8field-weighted citation impact, top 12% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Review
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  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Cohort profile:BMJ open · 2022
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
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  13. Article
  14. Diagnostics and management of tuberculosis and COVID-19 in a patient with pneumothorax (clinical case).Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2021
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. COVID-19 in dental care: What do we know?Journal of oral microbiology · 2021
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.

Ibrahim WarsiMedical Sciences in Clinical Investigation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3739-9046
Zohaib KhurshidDepartment of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0001-7998-7335
Hamda ShazamDepartment of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi 74700, Pakistan.
Muhammad Farooq UmerAl-Shifa School of Public Health, Al-Shifa Trust, Jhelum Road, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0001-7779-1929
Eisha ImranDepartment of Dental Materials, Institute of Medical Sciences, HITEC Dental College, Taxilla 751010, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0002-4968-6221
Muhammad Owais KhanDow International Dental College (DIDC), Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan.
Paul Desmond SloweyHealth Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.ORCID 0000-0002-9151-1011
J Max GoodsonThe Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Harvard University · USDow University of Health Sciences · PKHITEC University · PKKing Faisal University · SAOasis Diagnostics (United States) · USZiauddin University · PK

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to assess the application of a multitude of effective diagnostic specimens for conducting mass testing, for accurate diagnosis and to formulate strategies for its prevention and control. As one of the most versatile and amenable specimen options, saliva offers great advantages for widespread screening strategies due to its non-invasive properties, cost-effectiveness, excellent stability and minimal risk of cross-infection. This review attempts to outline the scientific rationale for detection of SARS-COV-2 in saliva specimens. By combining the data obtained from ten chosen published clinical studies, we calculated the pooled sensitivity and specificity using an online calculator. Through evidence, we established that SARS-COV-2 is detectable in saliva with a high degree of diagnostic sensitivity (87%) and specificity (98%). We also presented a review of emerging technologies approved by the FDA for detection of SARS-COV-2 in oral fluids (saliva and sputum) using polymerase chain reaction methods. Given the challenges involved in obtaining invasive specimens from the naso- and oropharynx, saliva can serve as an easy to collect diagnostic specimen for screening in the work environment, schools and for home testing. Furthermore, saliva offers the opportunity to screen early cases that can be missed by invasive sampling.

Indexed as

COVID-19diagnosisinfectionpolymerase chain reactionsalivaSARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID34065171
PMCPMC8161819
OpenAlexW3163118941

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.