ReviewAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Oxidative Stress as a Major Pathophysiological Mechanism Linked to Adverse Clinical Outcomes.
Review in Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19 in Adults: A Systematic Review of Pathophysiological Connections, Clinical Outcomes, and Therapeutic Considerations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Environmental Mechanisms Influencing the Pathogenesis and Progression of Type 1 Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Risk analysis and mediation analysis of stress hyperglycemia ratio and all-cause mortality in patients with acute kidney injury.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Computational network biology analysis revealed COVID-19 severity markers: Molecular interplay between HLA-II with CIITA.PloS one · 2025Article
- Extracellular(Serum) Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Association with Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Cerebral Edema.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025Article
- Risk of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in SARS-CoV-2 Patients.Current diabetes reviews · 2025Review
- COVID-19 infection and inactivated vaccination: Impacts on clinical and immunological profiles in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes.World journal of diabetes · 2024Article
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis After COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.International journal of endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
- COVID-19 vaccination and diabetic ketoacidosis.World journal of diabetes · 2023Review
- Mild Hyperglycaemia in Hospitalised Children with Moderate COVID-19 Infection.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- The Role of Diet and Specific Nutrients during the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Have We Learned over the Last Three Years?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- The published trend of studies on COVID-19 and diabetes: bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Pediatric Diabetes and Diabetic Ketoacidosis After COVID-19: Challenges Faced and Lessons Learnt.Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Unmasks Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus With an Episode of Diabetic Ketoacidosis.Journal of medical cases · 2022Article
- Does Oxidative Stress Management Help Alleviation of COVID-19 Symptoms in Patients Experiencing Diabetes?Nutrients · 2022Review
- COVID-19 pandemic: A multidisciplinary perspective on the pathogenesis of a novel coronavirus from infection, immunity and pathological responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Article
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) temporally related to COVID-19 vaccination.Diabetes & metabolic syndrome · 2022Article
- Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 Infections.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent reports have demonstrated the association between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and increased morbidity and mortality rates during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection, setting a priority of these patients for vaccination. Impaired innate and adaptive immunity observed in T1DM seem to play a major role. Severe, life-threatening COVID-19 disease is characterized by the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, known as a "cytokine storm". Patients with T1DM present elevated levels of cytokines including interleukin-1a (IL), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), suggesting the pre-existence of chronic inflammation, which, in turn, has been considered the major risk factor of adverse COVID-19 outcomes in many cohorts. Even more importantly, oxidative stress is a key player in COVID-19 pathogenesis and determines disease severity. It is well-known that extreme glucose excursions, the prominent feature of T1DM, are a potent mediator of oxidative stress through several pathways including the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and the increased production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Additionally, chronic endothelial dysfunction and the hypercoagulant state observed in T1DM, in combination with the direct damage of endothelial cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may result in endothelial and microcirculation impairment, which contribute to the pathogenesis of acute respiratory syndrome and multi-organ failure. The binding of SARS-CoV-2 to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in pancreatic b-cells permits the direct destruction of b-cells, which contributes to the development of new-onset diabetes and the induction of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in patients with T1DM. Large clinical studies are required to clarify the exact pathways through which T1DM results in worse COVID-19 outcomes.
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