ArticleViruses2021
Novel Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5N8 and H5N5 Viruses in Denmark, 2020.
Article in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Algorithm-Optimized H5 Influenza mRNA Vaccine Induces Broad Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The role of wild birds in the global highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 panzootic, 2020-2023.npj biodiversity · 2026Review
- Rapid surge of reassortant A(H1N1) influenza viruses in Danish swine and their zoonotic potential.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Influenza mRNA vaccine reduces pathogenicity and transmission of A(H5N1) virus in a ferret model.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Construction and Immune Strategy Optimization of a Vaccine Strain for Influenza A (H5N8) Subtype.Viruses · 2025Article
- Review
- Pathogenicity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A/H5Nx Viruses in Avian and Murine Models.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An influenza mRNA vaccine protects ferrets from lethal infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus.Science translational medicine · 2024Article
- The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019-2023.Global medical genetics · 2024Review
- Multiple transatlantic incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N5) virus into North America and spillover to mammals.Cell reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Iceland: an underestimated hub for the spread of high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in the North Atlantic.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- Risk factors for avian influenza in Danish poultry and wild birds during the epidemic from June 2020 to May 2021.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Characterization of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5Nx viruses from a wild harbor seal and red foxes in Denmark, 2021 and 2022.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Article
- Bidirectional Movement of Emerging H5N8 Avian Influenza Viruses Between Europe and Asia via Migratory Birds Since Early 2020.Molecular biology and evolution · 2023Article
- Novel H5N6 reassortants bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene of H5N8 virus have been detected in poultry and caused multiple human infections in China.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Article
- Assessing potential pathogenicity of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N6) viruses isolated from Mongolian wild duck feces using a mouse model.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Article
- Multiple Introductions of Reassorted Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses Clade 2.3.4.4b Causing Outbreaks in Wild Birds and Poultry in The Netherlands, 2020-2021.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Experimental and natural infections of white-tailed sea eagles (Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since late 2020, outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b have emerged in Europe. To investigate the evolutionary history of these viruses, we performed genetic characterization on the first HPAI viruses found in Denmark during the autumn of 2020. H5N8 viruses from 14 wild birds and poultry, as well as one H5N5 virus from a wild bird, were characterized by whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The Danish H5N8 viruses were found to be genetically similar to each other and to contemporary European clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses, while the Danish H5N5 virus was shown to be a unique genotype from the H5N5 viruses that circulated at the same time in Russia, Germany, and Belgium. Genetic analyses of one of the H5N8 viruses revealed the presence of a substitution (PB2-M64T) that is highly conserved in human seasonal influenza A viruses. Our analyses showed that the late 2020 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N8 viruses were most likely new incursions introduced by migrating birds to overwintering sites in Europe, rather than the result of continued circulation of H5N8 viruses from previous introductions to Europe in 2016/2017 and early 2020.
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