ReviewCancers2021
Estrogens and Progestogens in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Do They Harm?
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety of systemic hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2022Pooled it
- Evaluation and Treatment Options for Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Premenopausal Patients With a History of Breast Cancer.O&G open · 2026Review
- Berberine as a Multifunctional Adjuvant in Cancer Therapy: Mechanistic Insights, Nanotechnological Strategies, and Translational Challenges.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Signalling Pathways and Inhibitors in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Current Progress.Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Targeting the Inactive Conformation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Identifies EG31: A Novel Small Molecule Inhibitor Effective Against Normal and 5-Fluorouracil-Resistant Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells.OncoTargets and therapy · 2025Article
- Menopausal hormone therapy and incidence, mortality, and survival of breast cancer subtypes: a prospective cohort study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Estrogen Regulated Genes Compel Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells, Whilst Stimulate Antitumor Activity in Peritumoral Immune Cells in a Janus-Faced Manner.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2024Review
- Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: a population-based cohort study of 1.3 million women in Norway.British journal of cancer · 2024Article
- Article
- Updates on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: From Risk Factors to Diagnosis, Biomarkers and Therapy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Therapeutic Choices for Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Update.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Changes in Serum Testosterone and Adrenal Androgen Levels in Transgender Women With and Without Gonadectomy.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
- Novel Combination Therapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer based on an Intelligent Hollow Carbon Sphere.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2023Article
- CmPn signaling networks in the tumorigenesis of breast cancer.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Role of microRNA/lncRNA Intertwined With the Wnt/β-Catenin Axis in Regulating the Pathogenesis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) occur more frequently in younger women and do not express estrogen receptor (ER) nor progesterone receptor (PR), and are therefore often considered hormone-insensitive. Treatment of premenopausal TNBC patients almost always includes chemotherapy, which may lead to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and can severely impact quality of life. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is contraindicated for patients with a history of hormone-sensitive breast cancer, but the data on safety for TNBC patients is inconclusive, with a few randomized trials showing increased risk-ratios with wide confidence intervals for recurrence after HRT. Here, we review the literature on alternative pathways from the classical ER/PR. We find that for both estrogens and progestogens, potential alternatives exist for exerting their effects on TNBC, ranging from receptor conversion, to alternative receptors capable of binding estrogens, as well as paracrine pathways, such as RANK/RANKL, which can cause progestogens to indirectly stimulate growth and metastasis of TNBC. Finally, HRT may also influence other hormones, such as androgens, and their effects on TNBCs expressing androgen receptors (AR). Concluding, the assumption that TNBC is completely hormone-insensitive is incorrect. However, the direction of the effects of the alternative pathways is not always clear, and will need to be investigated further.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.