ArticleCancers2021
Targeting CSF1R Alone or in Combination with PD1 in Experimental Glioma.
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Imbalance Between Tumor Immunosurveillance and Tumor Immune Escape in Glioblastoma.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Review
- CSF1R and macrophage infiltration: Integrated magnetic resonance imaging radiomics and deep learning-driven models for the preoperative assessment of glioma.Chinese medical journal · 2026Article
- CSF1R inhibitor C19 for glioma immunotherapy enabled by brain-targeting liposomal delivery.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- The double-edged sword role of tumor-associated macrophages: preventing or causing resistance to immunotherapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Review
- Reprogramming the immunosuppressive microenvironment in glioblastoma: the microglia-MDSC-Treg axis and translational therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Next-generation immunotherapy biologics for glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The dynamic myeloid-enriched microenvironment of glioblastoma: a major challenge to immunotherapy efficacy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- TREM1 unleashes immunosuppression in glioma: targeting macrophage polarization as a new therapeutic vulnerability.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Feasibility of Patient-Derived 3D Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour Models as Alternatives for In Vivo Mouse Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Biology of stem cell paradox: a double-edged sword-implications for cancer therapy.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms of Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Strategies.Cells · 2025Review
- Role of the TLR signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme with an emphasis on immunotherapy.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Review
- Within and beyond the tumor: Mechanisms of glioblastoma-induced immunosuppression.Neuro-oncology advances · 2025Review
- Review
- Insights of immune cell heterogeneity, tumor-initiated subtype transformation, drug resistance, treatment and detecting technologies in glioma microenvironment.Journal of advanced research · 2025Review
- Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens identify BCL family members as modulators of response to regorafenib in experimental glioma.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- MORF4L2 induces immunosuppressive microenvironment and immunotherapy resistance through GRHL2/MORF4L2/H4K12Ac/CSF1 axis in triple-negative breast cancer.Biomarker research · 2025Article
- Unveiling the myxofibrosarcoma tumor microenvironment: implications for immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Sentinels of neuroinflammation: the crucial role of myeloid cells in the pathogenesis of gliomas and neurodegenerative diseases.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Dual targeting macrophages and microglia is a therapeutic vulnerability in models of PTEN-deficient glioblastoma.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system. Targeting the immunosuppressive glioblastoma-associated microenvironment is an interesting therapeutic approach. Tumor-associated macrophages represent an abundant population of tumor-infiltrating host cells with tumor-promoting features. The colony stimulating factor-1/ colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1/CSF1R) axis plays an important role for macrophage differentiation and survival. We thus aimed at investigating the antiglioma activity of CSF1R inhibition alone or in combination with blockade of programmed death (PD) 1. We investigated combination treatments of anti-CSF1R alone or in combination with anti-PD1 antibodies in an orthotopic syngeneic glioma mouse model, evaluated post-treatment effects and assessed treatment-induced cytotoxicity in a coculture model of patient-derived microtumors (PDM) and autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) ex vivo. Anti-CSF1R monotherapy increased the latency until the onset of neurological symptoms. Combinations of anti-CSF1R and anti-PD1 antibodies led to longterm survivors in vivo. Furthermore, we observed treatment-induced cytotoxicity of combined anti-CSF1R and anti-PD1 treatment in the PDM/TILs cocultures ex vivo. Our results identify CSF1R as a promising therapeutic target for glioblastoma, potentially in combination with PD1 inhibition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.