ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2021
Preoperative Serum GDF-15, Endothelin-1 Levels, and Intraoperative Factors as Short-Term Operative Risks for Patients Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictive Effect of GDF-15 on Adverse Outcomes After Cardiovascular Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Endothelin-1 and Vasomotor Tone Following Cardioplegic Ischemia/Reperfusion and Cardiopulmonary Bypass.Cells · 2026Review
- Growth differentiation factor 15: from stress response to clinical utility in chronic liver diseases.Journal of gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk score is widely used for the risk assessment of cardiac surgery. Serum biomarkers such as growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) are also used to evaluate risk. We investigated the relationships between preoperative serum GDF-15, ET-1 levels, and intraoperative factors and short-term operative risks including acute kidney injury (AKI) for patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.
methodsIn total, 145 patients were included in this study (92 males and 53 females, age 68.4 ± 13.2 years). The preoperative STS score was determined, and the serum GDF-15 and ET-1 levels were measured by ELISA. These were related to postoperative risks, including AKI, defined according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) classification criteria.
resultsAKI developed in 23% of patients. The GDF-15 and ET-1 levels correlated with the STS score. The STS score and GDF-15 and ET-1 levels all correlated with preoperative eGFR, Alb, Hb, and BNP levels; perioperative data (urine output); ICU stay period; and postoperative admission days. Patients with AKI had longer circulatory pulmonary bypass (CPB) time, and male patients with AKI had higher ET-1 levels than those without AKI. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the preoperative ET-1 level and CPB time were the independent determinants of AKI, even adjusted by age, sex, and BMI. The preoperative GDF-15 level, CPB time, and RCC transfusion were independent determinants of 30-day mortality plus morbidity.
conclusionPreoperative GDF-15 and ET-1 levels as well as intraoperative factors such as CPB time may be helpful to identify short-term operative risks for patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.
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