ReviewNutrients2021
Role of High Energy Breakfast "Big Breakfast Diet" in Clock Gene Regulation of Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes.
Review in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of skipping breakfast with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Meal frequency strategies for the management of type 2 diabetes subjects: A systematic review.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of skipping breakfast on cardiovascular risk factors: a grade-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Systematic review of transcriptome and microRNAome associations with gestational diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids slow sleep impairment progression by regulating central circadian rhythms in type 2 diabetes.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Early time-restricted carbohydrate consumption vs conventional dieting in type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.Diabetologia · 2024Trial
- Effect of a High Protein Diet at Breakfast on Postprandial Glucose Level at Dinner Time in Healthy Adults.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- A cross-sectional study of breakfast skipping and body composition among young adults.Korean journal of family medicine · 2026Article
- Integrated Genomic-Metabolomic Analysis for Tri-Categorical Classification of Type 2 Diabetes Status in the Korean Ansan-Ansung Cohort.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Adolescent dietary patterns and methyl-donor nutrient intakes in relation to blood leukocyte DNA methylation of circadian genes.Chronobiology international · 2025Article
- Article
- From meal to malfunction: exploring molecular pathways, biomarkers and interventions in postprandial cardiometabolic health.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Interaction Between Early Meals (Big-Breakfast Diet), Clock Gene mRNA Expression, and Gut Microbiome to Regulate Weight Loss and Glucose Metabolism in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- Effects of Early and Late Time-Restricted Feeding on Parameters of Metabolic Health: An Explorative Literature Assessment.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Metabolic Syndrome According to Dietary and Health-Related Lifestyle in Male Cancer Survivors and Non-Cancer over 40 Years of Age.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Manipulation of Post-Prandial Hyperglycaemia in Type 2 Diabetes: An Update for Practitioners.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2024Review
- A roadmap to medical nutrition therapy in type 2 diabetes.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2023Article
- Clinical and Lifestyle Determinants of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics in Insulin-Treated Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2023Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) is strongly linked with the future development of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Hence, reducing postprandial glycemic excursions is essential in T2D treatment to slow progressive deficiency of β-cell function and prevent cardiovascular complications. Most of the metabolic processes involved in PPHG, i.e., β-cell secretory function, GLP-1 secretion, insulin sensitivity, muscular glucose uptake, and hepatic glucose production, are controlled by the circadian clock and display daily oscillation. Consequently, postprandial glycemia displays diurnal variation with a higher glycemic response after meals with the same carbohydrate content, consumed at dusk compared to the morning. T2D and meal timing schedule not synchronized with the circadian clock (i.e., skipping breakfast) are associated with disrupted clock gene expression and is linked to PPHG. In contrast, greater intake in the morning (i.e., high energy breakfast) than in the evening has a resetting effect on clock gene oscillations and beneficial effects on weight loss, appetite, and reduction of PPHG, independently of total energy intake. Therefore, resetting clock gene expression through a diet intervention consisting of meal timing aligned to the circadian clock, i.e., shifting most calories and carbohydrates to the early hours of the day, is a promising therapeutic approach to improve PPHG in T2D. This review will focus on recent studies, showing how a high-energy breakfast diet (Bdiet) has resetting and synchronizing actions on circadian clock genes expression, improving glucose metabolism, postprandial glycemic excursions along with weight loss in T2D.
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