Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34060869›Full record

ArticleBehavioral neuroscience2021

Cross-species studies on orbitofrontal control of inference-based behavior.

Thorsten Kahnt, Geoffrey Schoenbaum

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Behavioral neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. The reward positivity is insensitive to reinforcer devaluation.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2025
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. The reward positivity is insensitive to reinforcer devaluation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. The cognitive (lateral) hypothalamus.Trends in cognitive sciences · 2024
    Review
  10. Distinct roles of monkey OFC-subcortical pathways in adaptive behavior.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023
    Article
  11. Review
  12. Anticipation: An Essential Feature of Anhedonia.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2022
    Article
  13. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Thorsten KahntNorthwestern University.ORCID 0000-0002-3575-2670
Geoffrey SchoenbaumNational Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program.ORCID 0000-0001-8180-0701

Funding

Associative learning, decision-making, and addictionZIADA000587 · NIDA · NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE · PI SCHOENBAUM, GEOFFREY · 2012 to 2025
$47.7M
Intramural NIH HHS ZIA DA000587
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Many decisions are guided by expectations about their outcomes. These expectations can arise from two fundamentally different sources: from direct experience with outcomes and the events and actions that precede them or from mental simulations and inferences when direct experience is missing. Here we discuss four elegant tasks from animal learning theory (devaluation, sensory preconditioning, Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer, and Pavlovian overexpectation) and how they can be used to isolate behavior that is based on such mental simulations from behavior that can be based solely on experience. We then review findings from studies in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans that use these tasks in combination with neural recording and loss-of-function experiments to understand the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in outcome inference. The results of these studies show that activity in the OFC is correlated with inferred outcome expectations and that an intact OFC is necessary for inference-based behavior and learning. In summary, these findings provide converging cross-species support for the idea that the OFC is critical for behavior that is based on inferred outcomes, whereas it is not required when expectations can be based on direct experience alone. This conclusion may have important implications for our understanding of the role of OFC in psychiatric disorders and how we may be able to treat them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Indexed as

Conditioning, PsychologicalPrefrontal CortexAnimalsBehavior, AnimalLearning

Identifiers

PMID34060869
PMCPMC9338401

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.