ReviewThe Journal of clinical investigation2021
BCG turns 100: its nontraditional uses against viruses, cancer, and immunologic diseases.
Review in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- The safety of co-administration of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and influenza vaccines.PloS one · 2022Trial
- What Is the Significance of an Accelerated BCG Reaction in Children Living in Low Tuberculosis Incidence Countries?Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2026Article
- BCG-trained macrophages promote pan-anti-tumor activity through epigenetic rewiring of NOX2-ROS axis.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Article
- MTB-ImmunogenKG: An LLM-assisted knowledge graph for antigen selection in tuberculosis vaccine research.Biosafety and health · 2026Article
- Oncobiotics in urinary bladder cancer. A narrative review of living cancer therapeutics.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Review
- Article
- Research progress of mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Vaccines in cancer treatment and prevention: the time is now.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Recombinant BCG Expressing IL-12 as A Novel Immunomodulatory Strategy for Allergic Asthma: Opportunities and Challenges.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- A Review of Vaccines for Neglected Pathogens: Strategies, Achievements, and Challenges - Focus on Leprosy, Leishmaniasis, Melioidosis, and Tuberculosis by Myron Christodoulides.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Beyond Adaptive Immunity: Trained Innate Immune Responses as a Novel Frontier in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy.Cancers · 2025Review
- Deconvoluting the interplay of innate and adaptive immunity in BCG-induced nonspecific and TB-specific host resistance.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Tuberculosis vaccines and therapeutic drug: challenges and future directions.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- Article
- An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Efficacy and outcomes of BCG re-vaccination in COVID-19: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Review
- Boosting Immunogenicity of a RecombinantBiomedicines · 2024Article
- BCG vaccination and multiple sclerosis risk: A Norwegian cohort study.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2024Article
- Efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Cancer Prevention and Its Putative Mechanisms.Journal of cancer prevention · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
First administered to a human subject as a tuberculosis (TB) vaccine on July 18, 1921, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has a long history of use for the prevention of TB and later the immunotherapy of bladder cancer. For TB prevention, BCG is given to infants born globally across over 180 countries and has been in use since the late 1920s. With about 352 million BCG doses procured annually and tens of billions of doses having been administered over the past century, it is estimated to be the most widely used vaccine in human history. While its roles for TB prevention and bladder cancer immunotherapy are widely appreciated, over the past century, BCG has been also studied for nontraditional purposes, which include (a) prevention of viral infections and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, (b) cancer immunotherapy aside from bladder cancer, and (c) immunologic diseases, including multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and atopic diseases. The basis for these heterologous effects lies in the ability of BCG to alter immunologic set points via heterologous T cell immunity, as well as epigenetic and metabolomic changes in innate immune cells, a process called "trained immunity." In this Review, we provide an overview of what is known regarding the trained immunity mechanism of heterologous protection, and we describe the current knowledge base for these nontraditional uses of BCG.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.