ArticleHorticulture research2021
Sex-biased genes and metabolites explain morphologically sexual dimorphism and reproductive costs in Salix paraplesia catkins.
Article in Horticulture research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrated methylome and transcriptome analysis provides insight into DNA methylation-mediated networks in sexual dimorphism of Vernicia montana.BMC plant biology · 2026Article
- Multi-omics integration of transcriptome, miRNA, and metabolome uncovers molecular mechanisms of male flower development in cucumber line B10 (Cucumis sativus L.).Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Integrated analyses of transcriptome, metabolome and floral B-class genes reveal sexual dimorphism in Eucommia ulmoides.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- Comparative proteomic analysis of papaya bud flowers reveals metabolic signatures and pathways driving hermaphrodite development.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Study on peanut protein oxidation and metabolomics/proteomics analysis of peanut response under hypoxic/re-aeration storage.Food chemistry: X · 2024Article
- Article
- An integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals the gene network regulating flower development inFrontiers in plant science · 2023Article
- A Selection of Reliable Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in the Female and Male Flowers ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Integrated transcriptome and plant growth substance profiles to identify the regulatory factors involved in floral sex differentiation inFrontiers in plant science · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dioecious species evolved from species with monomorphic sex systems in order to achieve overall fitness gains by separating male and female functions. As reproductive organs, unisexual flowers have different reproductive roles and exhibit conspicuous sexual dimorphism. To date, little is known about the temporal variations in and molecular mechanisms underlying the morphology and reproductive costs of dioecious flowers. We investigated male and female flowers of Salix paraplesia in three flowering stages before pollination (the early, blooming and late stages) via transcriptional sequencing as well as metabolite content and phenotypic analysis. We found that a large number of sex-biased genes, rather than sex-limited genes, were responsible for sexual dimorphism in S. paraplesia flowers and that the variation in gene expression in male flowers intensified this situation throughout flower development. The temporal dynamics of sex-biased genes derived from changes in reproductive function during the different flowering stages. Sexually differentiated metabolites related to respiration and flavonoid biosynthesis exhibited the same bias directions as the sex-biased genes. These sex-biased genes were involved mainly in signal transduction, photosynthesis, respiration, cell proliferation, phytochrome biosynthesis, and phenol metabolism; therefore, they resulted in more biomass accumulation and higher energy consumption in male catkins. Our results indicated that sex-biased gene expression in S. paraplesia flowers is associated with different reproductive investments in unisexual flowers; male flowers require a greater reproductive investment to meet their higher biomass accumulation and energy consumption needs.
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