ReviewMolecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)2021
Heterologous vaccine interventions: boosting immunity against future pandemics.
Review in Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of the efficacy, safety and influencing factors of concomitant and sequential administration of viral respiratory infectious disease vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Vaccination Strategies and Research Gaps in Hepatitis E Virus for Special Populations.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Article
- Heterologous prime-boost vaccination drives stromal activation and adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination in children alters cytokine responses to heterologous pathogens and Toll-like receptor agonists.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Induction of Cross-Reacting Antibodies Against the COVID-19 by BCG Vaccination in the Mouse Model.Current microbiology · 2022Article
- Effect of the 2020/21 season influenza vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of Italian healthcare workers.Vaccine · 2022Observational
- COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: Cross-Protection, Co-Administration, Combination Vaccines, and Hesitancy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- COVID-19 vaccine development based on recombinant viral and bacterial vector systems: combinatorial effect of adaptive and trained immunity.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2022Review
- Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost immunization with COVID-19 vaccine.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022Review
- Acceptance of COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccine Co-Administration: Insights from a Representative Italian Survey.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Role of multiple factors likely contributing to severity-mortality of COVID-19.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2021Review
- Prime-Boost Vaccination With Covaxin/BBV152 Induces Heightened Systemic Cytokine and Chemokine Responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While vaccines traditionally have been designed and used for protection against infection or disease caused by one specific pathogen, there are known off-target effects from vaccines that can impact infection from unrelated pathogens. The best-known non-specific effects from an unrelated or heterologous vaccine are from the use of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, mediated partly through trained immunity. Other vaccines have similar heterologous effects. This review covers molecular mechanisms behind the heterologous effects, and the potential use of heterologous vaccination in the current COVID-19 pandemic. We then discuss novel pandemic response strategies based on rapidly deployed, widespread heterologous vaccination to boost population-level immunity for initial, partial protection against infection and/or clinical disease, while specific vaccines are developed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.