ArticleJournal of veterinary science2021
Risk factors of African swine fever virus in suspected infected pigs in smallholder farming systems in South-Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Article in Journal of veterinary science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Literature Review of Variables Associated with the Occurrence of African Swine Fever.Viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Modelling African Swine Fever Transmission and Epidemiology: A Scoping Review of Mechanistic, Statistical, and Machine Learning Approaches.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- Current Insights into the Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of African Swine Fever Virus and Future Control Perspectives.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- African Swine Fever Perception, Risk Factors, and Socioeconomic Disparities Among Smallholder Domestic Pig Farmers in Serengeti, Tanzania.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Article
- Innovative Research Offers New Hope for Managing African Swine Fever Better in Resource-Limited Smallholder Farming Settings: A Timely Update.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Early-phase risk assessments during the first epidemic year of African swine fever outbreaks in Vietnamese pigs.Veterinary medicine and science · 2022Article
- Epidemiological analyses of African swine fever in the European Union: (September 2020 to August 2021).EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAfrican swine fever (ASF) is an infectious viral disease of domestic pigs that presents as a hemorrhagic fever, and for which no effective vaccine is available. The disease has a serious negative social and economic impact on pig keepers. There is limited information on the potential risk factors responsible for the spread of ASF in South Kivu.
objectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the potential risk factors associated with ASF infection in suspected ASF virus (ASFV)-infected pigs.
methodsWe sampled whole blood from 391 pigs. Additionally, 300 pig farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Viral DNA was detected by using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique.
resultsThe majority of pigs sampled, 78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 74.4-82.6), were of local breeds. Over half, 60.4% (95% CI, 55.5-65.2), were female, and most of them, 90.5% (95% CI, 87.6-93.4), were adult pigs (> 1 year old). Viral DNA was detected in 72 of the 391 sampled pigs, indicating an overall infection rate of 18.4% (95% CI, 14.5-22.4). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed several risk factors positively associated with ASFV infection: feeding with swill in pen (odds ratio [OR], 3.8; 95% CI, 2.12-6.77); mixed ages of pigs in the same pen (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.99-5.57); introduction of new animals to the farm (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.91-15.28). The risk factors that were negatively (protective) correlated with ASFV positivity were the presence of male animals and the use of an in-pen breeding system.
conclusionLocal pig farmers should be encouraged to adopt proper husbandry and feeding practices in order to increase the number of ASF-free farms.
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