ArticlePathogens & immunity2021
COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients Undergoing B Cell Depletion Therapy and Those with Humoral Immunodeficiency States: A Scoping Review.
Article in Pathogens & immunity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glofitamab in Relapsed/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Results From a Phase I/II Study.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2025Trial
- Intrahost viral evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infections in rheumatic versus hematological patients with severe iatrogenic immunosuppression.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Infection Confirmed by Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Metagenomics -Next-Generation Sequencing Instead of Pharyngeal Swabs in Follicular Lymphoma: Three-Case Report and Literature Review.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2025Review
- Article
- Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Viremia in an Immunocompromised Patient.Journal of medical cases · 2025Article
- Article
- Sequelae of B-Cell Depleting Therapy: An Immunologist's Perspective.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2025Review
- Association between COVID-19 infection and uveitis flare in patients with Behcet's disease, a retrospective multicenter cohort study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Article
- Article
- Clinical Characteristics, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease Patients: A Retrospective Case-Control Study from Astana, Kazakhstan.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Rethinking Immunological Risk: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Severe SARS-Cov-2 Infections in Individuals With Congenital Immunodeficiencies.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2023Article
- Microfluidic Immuno-Serolomic Assay Reveals Systems Level Association with COVID-19 Pathology and Vaccine Protection.Small methods · 2023Article
- Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with inborn errors of immunity (primary immunodeficiencies): a systematic review.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2023Article
- Immunologic and Autoimmune-Related Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: Clinical Symptoms and Mechanisms of Disease.Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America · 2023Review
- Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition reduces disease severity in a model of secondary progressive autoimmune demyelination.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2023Article
- Successful Treatment of Prolonged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Patients With Immunodeficiency With Extended Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir: Case Series.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- Case report: Clinical course and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in a pediatric CAR-T cell recipient with persistent hypogammaglobulinemia.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- COVID-19 infection during blinatumomab therapy: Is safety a dilemma?SAGE open medical case reports · 2023Article
- Acute and long-term immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated children and young adults with inborn errors of immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe role of humoral immunity has been well established in reducing infection risk and facilitating viral clearance in patients with COVID-19. However, the relationship between specific antibody responses and severity of COVID-19 is less well understood.
methodsTo address this question and identify gaps in knowledge, we utilized the methodology of a scoping review to interrogate risk of infection and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with iatrogenic and inborn humoral immunodeficiency states based on existing literature.
resultsAmong patients with iatrogenic B-cell depletion, particularly with agents targeting CD20, our analysis found increased risk of severe COVID-19 and death across a range of underlying disease states. Among patients with humoral inborn errors of immunity with COVID-19, our synthesis found that patients with dysregulated humoral immunity, predominantly common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), may be more susceptible to severe COVID-19 than patients with humoral immunodeficiency states due to X-linked agammaglobulinemia and other miscellaneous forms of humoral immunodeficiency. There were insufficient data to appraise the risk of COVID-19 infection in both populations of patients.
conclusionsOur work identifies potentially significant predictors of COVID-19 severity in patients with humoral immunodeficiency states and highlights the need for larger studies to control for clinical and biologic confounders of disease severity.
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