ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma: Current Progress and Challenges.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 131 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 185 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dendritic cell vaccine for glioblastoma: an updated meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review of immunotherapy in high-grade glioma: learning from the past to shape future perspectives.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- A combinatory vaccine with IMA950 plus varlilumab promotes effector memory T-cell differentiation in the peripheral blood of patients with low-grade gliomas.Neuro-oncology · 2024Trial
- PARP7 inhibition and a STING agonist potentiate radiation-induced immunogenicity in glioblastoma.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- The 15-year bibliometric landscape of glioblastoma vaccines: Emergence of combinatorial immunotherapy.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Article
- Improving T-cell engager efficacy in glioblastoma with multi-antigen targeting and novel delivery approaches.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Review
- Enable CAR T cell immunotherapy in glioblastoma by modifying its microenvironment via oncolytic adenovirus encoding bispecific T cell engager.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Evolving Landscape of Glioblastoma Research: Integrating Therapeutic Advances and Diagnostic Frontiers.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-Mutant Astrocytomas: Risk Stratification and Therapeutic Advance.MedComm · 2026Review
- <p>CDK1 depletion suppresses glioma malignancy through cell cycle pathway regulation: Mechanistic insights from functional and molecular profiling</p>.Oncology reports · 2026Article
- Chemoradiation of glioblastoma cells alters expression of activation and immune checkpoint molecules on type 1 and 2 dendritic cells and impacts on subsequent T cell proliferation.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Mitoxantrone alters CD24/Siglec-10 expression in malignant brain tumor models.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Surface Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Presence of Noncanonical Cell Membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperones in High-Grade Gliomas.Journal of proteome research · 2026Article
- Integrating biocomputational techniques for vaccine development for glioblastoma multiforme: a possible way of enhancing precision.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Trends in the immunotherapy for glioblastoma: A two-decade bibliometric analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Combined Tumor Cell and Lysate-Based Vaccines for Immunotherapy of Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma (GBM).Cancers · 2025Review
- CMTM6 drives glioblastoma progression by promoting M2 polarization and suppressing antigen presentation in microglia/macrophages.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Review
- Tumour immune infiltration is independent of peripheral circulation of white blood cells in glioblastoma.Scientific reports · 2025Article
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly lethal brain cancer with a median survival rate of less than 15 months when treated with the current standard of care, which consists of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. With the recent success of immunotherapy in other aggressive cancers such as advanced melanoma and advanced non-small cell lung cancer, glioblastoma has been brought to the forefront of immunotherapy research. Resistance to therapy has been a major challenge across a multitude of experimental candidates and no immunotherapies have been approved for glioblastoma to-date. Intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity, an inherently immunosuppressive environment and tumor plasticity remain barriers to be overcome. Moreover, the unique tissue-specific interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral immune system present an additional challenge for immune-based therapies. Nevertheless, there is sufficient evidence that these challenges may be overcome, and immunotherapy continues to be actively pursued in glioblastoma. Herein, we review the primary ongoing immunotherapy candidates for glioblastoma with a focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors, myeloid-targeted therapies, vaccines and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapies. We further provide insight on mechanisms of resistance and how our understanding of these mechanisms may pave the way for more effective immunotherapeutics against glioblastoma.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.