ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Rituximab Associated Hypogammaglobulinemia in Autoimmune Disease.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia in childhood nephrotic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Beyond systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review on the use of belimumab in other connective tissue diseases and vasculitides.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Pooled it
- Rational approach to the prescription of anti-rheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: a product leaflet-based strategy in Italy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Agents contributing to secondary immunodeficiency development in patients with multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A systematic literature review.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Risk Factors for Relapse in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Among Patients With Relapse After Induction of Remission With Rituximab.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Trial
- Efficacy and safety of avacopan in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis receiving rituximab in a randomised trial.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2024Trial
- Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance of remission for patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis and relapsing disease: an international randomised controlled trial.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2023Trial
- Risk Factors for Secondary Immunodeficiency in the Aged.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2026Review
- Cancer cell-selective ectopic expression of CD20 as an antigen enables rituximab repurposing for solid tumour immunotherapy.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Article
- Reprogramming rather than depleting immunity: Targeting the CD38-NADClinical and translational medicine · 2026Article
- Practical Guidance on Initiating and Switching Targeted Immunotherapies in Generalised Myasthenia Gravis: A German-Austrian Expert Opinion Paper.European journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Evolving Therapeutic Strategies in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Current Standards and Emerging Targets for GPA and MPA.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Understanding the burden of ANCA-associated vasculitis.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Cyclophosphamide Plus Rituximab Versus Cyclophosphamide in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-associated Vasculitis With Kidney Involvement: A Retrospective Cohort Study in China.Kidney medicine · 2026Article
- Hypogammaglobulinaemia in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis treated with rituximab.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Immunoglobulin replacement therapy in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with rituximab-associated hypogammaglobulinemia: infection outcomes and disease course in a retrospective cohort.Frontiers in nephrology · 2026Article
- Combination Treatment of Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infection with Dual Antiviral Therapy and Intravenous Immunoglobulin: A Novel Approach.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Exploring the depths of hypogammaglobulinemia in lymphoid malignancies: Pathophysiology, clinical implications, management options, and future directions.Blood reviews · 2025Review
- Update on therapeutic approaches in ANCA-associated vasculitis.EULAR rheumatology open · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of patients with autoimmune disease with hypogammaglobulinemia following rituximab (RTX) and describe their long-term outcomes, including those who commenced immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Methods: Patients received RTX for autoimmune disease between 2003 and 2012 with immunoglobulin G (IgG) <7g/L were included in this retrospective series. Hypogammaglobulinemia was classified by nadir IgG subgroups of 5 to <7g/L (mild), 3 to <5g/L (moderate) and <3g/L (severe). Characteristics of patients were compared across subgroups and examined for factors associated with greater likelihood of long term hypogammaglobulinemia or immunoglobulin replacement. Results: 142 patients were included; 101 (71%) had anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV), 18 (13%) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 23 (16%) other conditions. Mean follow-up was 97.2 months from first RTX. Hypogammaglobulinemia continued to be identified during long-term follow-up. Median time to IgG <5g/L was 22.5 months. Greater likelihood of moderate hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG <5g/L) and/or use of immunoglobulin replacement therapy at 60 months was observed in patients with prior cyclophosphamide exposure (odds ratio (OR) 3.60 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 - 12.53], glucocorticoid use at 12 months [OR 7.48 (95% CI 1.28 - 43.55], lower nadir IgG within 12 months of RTX commencement [OR 0.68 (95% CI 0.51 - 0.90)] and female sex [OR 8.57 (95% CI 2.07 - 35.43)]. Immunoglobulin replacement was commenced in 29/142 (20%) and associated with reduction in infection rates, but not severe infection rates. Conclusion: Hypogammaglobulinemia continues to occur in long-term follow-up post-RTX. In patients with recurrent infections, immunoglobulin replacement reduced rates of non-severe infections.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.