ReviewNeuroscience and biobehavioral reviews2021
Time-of-day as a critical biological variable.
Review in Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed.
- Acute and persistent sex-dependent disruptions of sleep-wake architecture induced by fentanyl self-administration in mice.Neuropharmacology · 2026Article
- Transcriptomics Insights into Spinal Cord Injury for Therapy Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Astrocytes mediate the pro-cognitive value of α7nAChRs and of α7nAChR-targeting therapeutics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sex and Stress Govern the Function and Innervation of a Basolateral Amygdala to Nucleus Accumbens Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/GABA-Expressing Projection.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- High-intensity interval exercise affects neurogenesis and angiogenesis differently in diabetic and non-diabetic mice.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Anorexia nervosa symptoms are induced after specific gut microbiota dysbiosis transfer in germ-free mice.Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Diurnal behavioral outcomes and BBB integrity in adult male SHR and WKY rats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Circadian disruption and ROS-NLRP3 signaling mediate sleep deprivation-enhanced silica nanoparticle toxicity in lacrimal glands.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Latent mechanisms of plasticity are upregulated during sleep.Current opinion in neurobiology · 2025Review
- Red Light Sensitivity of Non-image and Image Forming Visual Systems of Laboratory Rodents: Circadian Disruption and Behavioral Detection.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Evaluation of the Detection Potential of Serum Oligoelements Cu, Se and Zn for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease in the 3xTg-AD Animal Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Assessing the impact of sex and circadian rhythms on rodent behavior: refining preclinical study designs.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2025Article
- Chronopharmacology of AAV gene therapy in mice.microPublication biology · 2025Article
- Light Cycle Phase Effects on Behavioral Responses to Stress Exposure in Rats.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2025Article
- Researchers need to better address time-of-day as a critical biological variable.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- One Health: Circadian Medicine Benefits Both Non-human Animals and Humans Alike.Journal of biological rhythms · 2024Review
- Circadian neurogenetics and its implications in neurophysiology, behavior, and chronomedicine.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2024Review
- Time of day bias for biological sampling in studies of mammary cancer.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Social jetlag affects jump skills in sub-elite volleyball players.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Time-of-day is a crucial, yet often overlooked, biological variable in biomedical research. We examined the top 25 most cited papers in several domains of behavioral neuroscience to determine whether time-of-day information was reported. The majority of studies report behavioral testing conducted during the day, which does not coincide with the optimal time to perform the testing from an functional perspective of the animals being tested. The majority of animal models used in biomedical research are nocturnal rodents; thus, testing during the light phase (i.e. animals' rest period) may alter the results and introduce variability across studies. Time-of-day is rarely considered in analyses or reported in publications; the majority of publications fail to include temporal details when describing their experimental methods, and those few that report testing during the dark rarely report whether measures are in place to protect from exposure to extraneous light. We propose that failing to account for time-of-day may compromise replication of findings across behavioral studies and reduce their value when extrapolating results to diurnal humans.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.