ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2021
No causal associations between childhood family income and subsequent psychiatric disorders, substance misuse and violent crime arrests: a nationwide Finnish study of >650 000 individuals and their siblings.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Labor epidural analgesia and subsequent risk of offspring autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a cross-national cohort study of 4.5 million individuals and their siblings.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2023Pooled it
- Childhood social characteristics and drug-related mortality by age 41: a register-based study of Finnish birth cohorts 1982-2004.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Parental wealth and mental disorders in Norway (2006-2023): a nationwide registry-based study of 1.4 million young people.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Association of parental education with offspring psychiatric diagnoses, violent crimes, and suicidal behavior: a nationwide Swedish quasi-experimental study.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Parental income and psychiatric disorders from age 10 to 40: a genetically informative population study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Parental income and poor mental well-being among Danish high school students: combining national registry data with survey information.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Childhood family income and medication use in youth.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- Does household income predict health and educational outcomes in childhood better than neighbourhood deprivation?Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Unmet Financial Needs of People with Psychotic Disorders-A Cross-Sectional Study in People with Psychotic Disorders, Parents, Siblings, and Controls.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Neighborhood selection by parent personality, depression, and coparent support: A two-study replication.Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) · 2024Article
- Criminal convictions in males and females diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A Swedish national registry study.JCPP advances · 2024Article
- The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2024Article
- Representation Challenges in Large Clinical Datasets.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic status and severe mental disorders: a bidirectional multivariable Mendelian randomisation study.BMJ mental health · 2023Article
- Prevention of Childhood Adversities and Children's Common Mental Disorders and School Grades.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- What can we conclude about the effect of parental income on offspring mental health?International journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- What can siblings and cousins tell us about the role of early life family income in the aetiologies of violent crime, substance misuse and psychiatric morbidity?International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Are there really no causal associations between childhood family income and subsequent outcomes?International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Growing up unequal? Socioeconomic disparities in mental disorders throughout childhood in Finland.SSM - population health · 2022Article
- Impact of poverty and family adversity on adolescent health: a multi-trajectory analysis using the UK Millennium Cohort Study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2022Article
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6 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundChildhood family income has been shown to be associated with later psychiatric disorders, substance misuse and violent crime, but the consistency, strength and causal nature of these associations remain unclear.
methodsWe conducted a nationwide cohort and co-sibling study of 650 680 individuals (426 886 siblings) born in Finland between 1986 and 1996 to re-examine these associations by accounting for unmeasured confounders shared between siblings. The participants were followed up from their 15th birthday until they either migrated, died, met criteria for the outcome of interest or reached the end of the study period (31 December 2017 or 31 December 2018 for substance misuse). The associations were adjusted for sex, birth year and birth order, and expressed as adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). The outcomes included a diagnosis of a severe mental illness (schizophrenia-spectrum disorders or bipolar disorder), depression and anxiety. Substance misuse (e.g. medication prescription, hospitalization or death due to a substance use disorder or arrest for drug-related crime) and violent crime arrests were also examined. Stratified Cox regression models accounted for unmeasured confounders shared between differentially exposed siblings.
resultsFor each $15 000 increase in family income at age 15 years, the risks of the outcomes were reduced by between 9% in severe mental illness (aHR = 0.91; 95% confidence interval: 0.90-0.92) and 23% in violent crime arrests (aHR = 0.77; 0.76-0.78). These associations were fully attenuated in the sibling-comparison models (aHR range: 0.99-1.00). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the latter findings.
conclusionsAssociations between childhood family income and subsequent risks for psychiatric disorders, substance misuse and violent crime arrest were not consistent with a causal interpretation.
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