ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2021
Do out-of-pocket costs influence retention and adherence to medications for opioid use disorder?
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Correlates of days of medication for opioid use disorder exposure among people living with HIV in Northern Vietnam.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Trial
- County-Level Variation in Substance Use Disorder Service Utilization by Insurance Payers and Self-Pay in the United States.The Journal of clinical psychiatry · 2026Article
- The development of a patient-reported outcome measuring opioid use disorder financial toxicity: Establishing content validity and reliability.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- High-Deductible Health Plan Enrollment and Buprenorphine Dispensing.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Opioid Use Disorder Care Presentations After High-deductible Health Plan Enrollment.Journal of addiction medicine · 2026Article
- Seventeen years of experience: a retrospective cohort analysis of methadone maintenance treatment program patterns in Georgia.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- "They should be like penicillin": barriers to the integration of medications for opioid use disorder in specialty treatment programs.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2025Article
- Buprenorphine Dispensing Following Medicaid Expansion Amid Unwinding in North Carolina.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Buprenorphine Dispensation After X-Waiver Elimination by Clinician Specialty.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Cost-Sharing and Buprenorphine Prescription Dispensing.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Exploring pain management preferences: a discrete choice experiment on cannabis or opioids among middle-aged and older adults.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Trends in Access to Medications for Opioid Use Disorder.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Association Between Length of Buprenorphine or Methadone Use and Nonprescribed Opioid Use Among Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder: A Cohort Study.Substance use & addiction journal · 2025Observational
- State Medicaid Policies Governing Access to Medications for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) and MOUD Treatment Use in a Large Sample of People Who Inject Drugs in 20 U.S. States.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- Study Protocol for Pain Self-Management and Patient-Oriented Buprenorphine Dosing for Pain and Retention in Office-Based Opioid Treatment: A Hybrid Type 1, 2 × 2 Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial.Substance use & addiction journal · 2025Article
- Pain, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, and Buprenorphine Treatment among Patients With and Without HIV.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Payment-related barriers to medications for opioid use disorder: A critical review of the literature and real-world application.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Review
- Association Between Cost-Sharing and Buprenorphine Prescription Abandonment.Journal of general internal medicine · 2024Article
- Insurance Instability for Patients With Opioid Use Disorder in the Year After Diagnosis.JAMA health forum · 2024Article
- Barriers and facilitators to use of buprenorphine in state-licensed specialty substance use treatment programs: A survey of program leadership.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAvailability of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) has increased during the past two decades but treatment retention and adherence remain low. This study aimed to measure the impact of out-of-pocket buprenorphine cost on treatment retention and adherence among US commercially insured patients.
methodsMedical payment records from IBM MarketScan were analyzed for 6,439 adults age 18-64 years with commercial insurance who initiated buprenorphine treatment during January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017. Regression models analyzed the relationship between patients' average daily out-of-pocket buprenorphine cost and buprenorphine retention (at least 80 % days covered by buprenorphine) at three different thresholds (180, 360, and 540 days) and adherence (the number of days of buprenorphine coverage) within each retention threshold. Models controlled for patient demographic and clinical characteristics including age, sex, presence of other substance use disorders, psychiatric and pain diagnoses, and receipt of prescription medications.
resultsA one dollar increase in daily out-of-pocket buprenorphine cost was associated with a 12-14 % decrease in the odds of retention and a 5-8 % increase in the number of days without buprenorphine coverage during each analyzed retention threshold.
conclusionRecent policies have attempted to address supply-side barriers to MOUD treatment. This study highlights patient cost-sharing as a demand-side barrier to MOUD. While the average out-of-pocket buprenorphine cost is lower than two decades ago, this study suggests even at current levels such costs decrease retention and adherence among commercially insured patients. Efforts to address demand-side barriers could help maximize the health and social benefits of buprenorphine-based MOUD.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.