ArticleCritical care explorations2021
Propofol, Ketamine, and Etomidate as Induction Agents for Intubation and Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Article in Critical care explorations, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring Demographic Differences in Postintubation Analgesia by Racial Group, Sex, and Age.The Journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Protocol for a multicentre target trial emulation comparing ketamine and propofol in critically ill adults undergoing emergency intubation.Critical care and resuscitation : journal of the Australasian Academy of Critical Care Medicine · 2026Article
- The Pharmacology of Physiologically Difficult Airway Management and Impact on Hemodynamics: A Review.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2026Review
- Comparison of Esketamine and Propofol for Prehospital Emergency Anaesthesia in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury-A Retrospective Observational Study.Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · 2025Observational
- Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan for a Multicenter Randomized Trial of Ketamine vs Etomidate for Emergency Tracheal Intubation.CHEST critical care · 2025Article
- Management of non-Cardiac Organ Failure in cardiogenic shock.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2025Article
- Evidence-based Emergency Tracheal Intubation.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Review
- The unseen animal behind medicine: exploring considerations of animal-derived medications and anaesthetics in today's landscape.BJA open · 2025Review
- Induction agents for emergency airway management in critically ill patients.Indian journal of anaesthesia · 2024Article
- Prehospital anesthesia in postcardiac arrest patients: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.European journal of medical research · 2024Observational
- Midazolam for Post-Arrest Sedation in Pre-Hospital Emergency Care—a Multicenter Propensity Score Analysis.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2024Observational
- Exploring Ciprofol Alternatives: A Comprehensive Review of Intravenous Anesthesia Options.Cureus · 2024Review
- Efficacy and safety of ketamine in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients: a scoping review.Critical care and resuscitation : journal of the Australasian Academy of Critical Care Medicine · 2022Article
- Outcome after intubation for septic shock with respiratory distress and hemodynamic compromise: an observational study.BMC anesthesiology · 2021Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Propofol, ketamine, and etomidate are common anesthetic agents for induction of anesthesia in the ICU. The choice between these agents is complex and may not depend solely upon severity of illness.
objectivesTo evaluate the association between the administration of propofol, ketamine, and etomidate and ICU, hospital mortality, and length of stay. DESIGN SETTING AND
participantsRetrospective single-center cohort study. ICUs in a tertiary medical center, between January 01, 2012, and December 31, 2017. Critically ill adult patients given a single IV anesthetic for intubation. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: Primary outcomes were ICU and hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were ICU- and hospital-free days through 28 days. An inverse probability of treatment weighed approach was used. The propensity score was estimated using a generalized logit model as a function of patient characteristics, admission source, ICU type, readmission status, length of ICU stays prior to intubation, and acute physiology score. Mortality outcomes were assessed with weighted logistic regression and -free days assessed by weighted linear regression with Bonferroni correction for pairwise comparisons.
resultsOf 2,673 patients, 36% received propofol, 30% ketamine and 34% etomidate. Overall ICU and hospital mortality were 19% and 29%, respectively. Patients given ketamine had higher odds of ICU mortality (1.45; [95% CI, 1.07-1.94]; CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Compared with ketamine and etomidate, propofol was associated with better outcome in critically ill patients undergoing anesthesia for intubation. Even after adjusting for severity of illness prior to intubation, residual confounders cannot be excluded.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.