ReviewFrontiers in psychiatry2021
Repeated Dosing of Ketamine in the Forced Swim Test: Are Multiple Shots Better Than One?
Review in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Bangpungtongsung-san alleviates depressive-like behavior and metabolic disturbances in high-fat diet-induced obesity: mechanisms involving inflammation, CREB/BDNF signaling, and NMDA receptor modulation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Genetic ablation of the isoform γ of PI3K decreases antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in male mice.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2024Article
- Ketamine's rapid and sustained antidepressant effects are driven by distinct mechanisms.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Article
- Article
- Exploring pharmacological options for adolescent depression: a preclinical evaluation with a sex perspective.Translational psychiatry · 2022Article
- Effects of the Recurrent and Different Doses of Ketamine Exposure on Anxiety-like Behaviors and Locomotor Activity in Juvenile Rats.Current Alzheimer research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The anesthetic drug ketamine has been successfully repurposed as an antidepressant in human subjects. This represents a breakthrough for clinical psychopharmacology, because unlike monoaminergic antidepressants, ketamine has rapid onset, including in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) that is resistant to conventional pharmacotherapy. This rapid therapeutic onset suggests a unique mechanism of action, which continues to be investigated in reverse translational studies in rodents. A large fraction of rodent and human studies of ketamine have focused on the effects of only a single administration of ketamine, which presents a problem because MDD is typically a persistent illness that may require ongoing treatment with this drug to prevent relapse. Here we review behavioral studies in rodents that used repeated dosing of ketamine in the forced swim test (FST), with an eye toward eventual mechanistic studies. A subset of these studies carried out additional experiments with only a single injection of ketamine for comparison, and several studies used chronic psychosocial stress, where stress is a known causative factor in some cases of MDD. We find that repeated ketamine can in some cases paradoxically produce
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Registered trials
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