ArticleScientific reports2021
Androgen regulation of pulmonary AR, TMPRSS2 and ACE2 with implications for sex-discordant COVID-19 outcomes.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Androgens are a Key Factor Affecting Immune Related Diseases.The world journal of men's health · 2026Review
- Integrative multi-omics framework for causal gene discovery in Long COVID.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Expression ofBiomedical reports · 2025Article
- The Role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Pathogenesis, and Antiviral Interventions.Journal of medical virology · 2025Review
- First real-world evidence from the Emilia-Romagna region suggests tamoxifen protects breast cancer patients from COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- TMPRSS2 Expression in Lung Tissue of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Patients: Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Relevance to SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Effects and regulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 abundance in healthy humans and in patients with SARS-CoV-2.Biochemical Society transactions · 2025Article
- TMPRSS2: A Key Host Factor in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Potential Therapeutic Target.Medeniyet medical journal · 2025Article
- A comparative analysis of estrogen receptors, ACE2 and cytokines in pre-and postmenopausal women and men with COVID-19.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Sex hormones in COVID-19 severity: The quest for evidence and influence mechanisms.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Article
- Bacterial Proteases as Potentially Exploitable Modulators of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Logic from the Literature, Informatics, and Inspiration from the Dog.Biotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2023Article
- Sex differences in coronavirus disease 2019 myocarditis.Current opinion in physiology · 2023Article
- Therapeutic Potential of Bioactive Compounds from Edible Mushrooms to Attenuate SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Some Complications of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19).Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Inhalation of ACE2 as a therapeutic target on sex-bias differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection and variant of concern.iScience · 2023Article
- Serum testosterone mirrors inflammation parameters in females hospitalized with COVID-19.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Article
- Sex hormones in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility: key players or confounders?Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2023Review
- 5-alpha reductase inhibitors use in prostatic disease and beyond.Translational andrology and urology · 2023Review
- Apalutamide Prevents SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells and in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Sex and diet, but not exercise, alter cardiovascular ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA levels in aortic banded swine.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2023Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The sex discordance in COVID-19 outcomes has been widely recognized, with males generally faring worse than females and a potential link to sex steroids. A plausible mechanism is androgen-induced expression of TMPRSS2 and/or ACE2 in pulmonary tissues that may increase susceptibility or severity in males. This hypothesis is the subject of several clinical trials of anti-androgen therapies around the world. Here, we investigated the sex-associated TMPRSS2 and ACE2 expression in human and mouse lungs and interrogated the possibility of pharmacologic modification of their expression with anti-androgens. We found no evidence for increased TMPRSS2 expression in the lungs of males compared to females in humans or mice. Furthermore, in male mice, treatment with the androgen receptor antagonist enzalutamide did not decrease pulmonary TMPRSS2. On the other hand, ACE2 and AR expression was sexually dimorphic and higher in males than females. ACE2 was moderately suppressible with enzalutamide administration. Our work suggests that sex differences in COVID-19 outcomes attributable to viral entry are independent of TMPRSS2. Modest changes in ACE2 could account for some of the sex discordance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.