ArticleBMJ open2021
COVID-19 and perinatal intimate partner violence: a cross-sectional survey of pregnant and postpartum individuals in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is anybody out there? Tackling intimate partner violence as a hidden pandemic during COVID times and beyond: factors, impact, and recommendations, a systematic review and meta-analyses.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence among pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Pooled it
- The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Domestic Violence Against Pregnant Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Global prevalence of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic among women: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC women's health · 2024Pooled it
- Intimate partner violence during the COVID-19: prevalence, patterns, and association with health-related quality of life in Quebec, Canada, using the NZCVS2 instrument.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Violence against women during pregnancy and its dimensions in COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Industrial psychiatry journal · 2024Review
- Review
- Prevalence and Factor Influencing Intimate Partner Violence against Women during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2024Review
- The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Against Women.International journal of social determinants of health and health services · 2023Review
- Screening for postpartum depression and risk of suicidality with obstetrical patients: a cross-sectional survey.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- Article
- Interventions for intimate partner violence during the perinatal period: a scoping review protocol.BMJ open · 2023Article
- The challenge of estimating the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 interventions - Toward an integrated economic and epidemiological approach.Economics and human biology · 2023Review
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal mental health, early childhood development, and parental practices: a global scoping review.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Population-Level Trends in Emergency Department Encounters for Sexual Assault Preceding and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Across Ontario, Canada.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Web-based intervention to reduce intimate partner violence during perinatal period: A modified protocol in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.Psychiatry research · 2022Article
- Perinatal intimate partner violence during COVID-19 and its associated factors among postpartum mothers attending newborn immunization in southern Ethiopia, 2021: A cross-sectional study.SAGE open medicine · 2022Article
- The approach to chest pain during pregnancy.JRSM cardiovascular diseaseReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe objectives of this study were to: (1) document violent and controlling behaviours within intimate partnerships during the perinatal period; and (2) determine individual, interpersonal and household-level factors influencing the risk of perinatal intimate partner violence (IPV).
designCross-sectional survey.
settingThe Ottawa Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
participantsPatients who gave birth at The Ottawa Hospital and were >20 days post partum between 17 March and 16 June 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Perinatal IPV was defined as regular controlling behaviours or act-based forms of emotional/physical/sexual abuse in the 12 months before pregnancy, during pregnancy and/or post partum. Log-binomial multivariable regression models were used to compute adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% CIs to identify potential risk factors for IPV: maternal age, postpartum depression, parity, increase in partner substance use and household income.
resultsAmong 216 participants, the median maternal age was 33 years (IQR: 30-36). In total, 52 (24.07%) reported some form of perinatal IPV, 37 (17.13%) reported regular controlling behaviour and 9 (4.17%) reported both. Household income below the municipal median was the strongest risk factor for perinatal IPV (aRR: 3.24, 95% CI: 1.87 to 5.59). There was no apparent association between maternal age (aRR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.94 to 1.04), postpartum depression (aRR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.07), nulliparity (aRR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.71 to 1.97) or increases in partner substance use (aRR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.42 to 1.25) with IPV.
conclusionOne in four individuals in this study experienced perinatal IPV. Household income was the strongest risk factor, and surprisingly, many hypothesised risk factors (eg, mental health, partner substance use, etc) were not significantly associated with perinatal IPV in this sample. This highlights the challenges in both measuring IPV and identifying individuals exposed to perinatal IPV during the high stress of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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