Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34044808›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2021

Common concerns, barriers to care, and the lived experience of individuals with hepatitis B: a qualitative study.

Catherine Freeland, Sean Farrell, Priyanka Kumar, Maureen Kamischke, Michaela Jackson, Sierra Bodor, Timothy M Block, Rosemary Frasso, Chari Cohen

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
36citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Barriers to Hepatitis B Treatment: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Registry and Survey Study by the Canadian Hepatitis B Network.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026
    Article
  3. Observational
  4. Article
  5. Traveling with chronic viral hepatitis.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2026
    Review
  6. Article
  7. Indeterminate Phase/Grey Zone of Chronic Hepatitis B: Clinical Features, Outcomes and Molecular Insights.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026
    Review
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Time for a globally unified chronic HBV terminology?JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2025
    Review
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Catherine FreelandHepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Rd, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA. Catherine.Freeland@hepb.org.
Sean FarrellThomas Jefferson University College of Population Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
Priyanka KumarThomas Jefferson University College of Population Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
Maureen KamischkeHepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Rd, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
Michaela JacksonHepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Rd, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
Sierra BodorHepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Rd, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
Timothy M BlockHepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Rd, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
Rosemary FrassoThomas Jefferson University College of Population Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
Chari CohenHepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Rd, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAn estimated between 257 and 292 million people live with chronic HBV globally. While much is known about the causes, and epidemiology of HBV, little is understood about the quality of life and impact of HBV on those living with the infection.

methodsA random sample of HBV-related email queries sent to the Hepatitis B Foundation, a U.S.-based non-profit organization, over a 12-month period in 2018-2019 were retrieved, tabulated, and analyzed qualitatively to highlight information needs and explore the experiences of people living with HBV and their families and loved ones. Codebook development was informed by the literature and through line-by-line reading of a sub-sample of queries. Data analysis was facilitated by NVivo12 software. Data were coded independently by two members of the research team and intercoder reliability was assessed to assure coding accuracy throughout the coding phase.

resultsA total of 338 queries from people around the globe were identified and analyzed. The analysis revealed three thematic groups: 1) health-specific challenges associated with diagnosis and treatment, 2) emotional needs related to experiences with HBV stigma, discrimination, fear, social isolation, and distress and 3) informational needs related to HBV prevention and transmission, and interpretation of laboratory tests.

conclusionsPeople living with HBV are in need of information to manage their disease and prevent its spread. Analysis of queries uncovered significant misconceptions about HBV transmission and treatment. Additionally, the emotional and psychological impact of an HBV diagnosis on those living with the infection is significant. There is a clear need for patient and community education to expand knowledge and awareness of HBV globally to achieve 2030 WHO HBV elimination goals.

Indexed as

Hepatitis BQuality of LifeHealth Services AccessibilityHumansQualitative ResearchReproducibility of ResultsDiscriminationHepatocellular carcinomaPatient experiencePatient outcomesQuality of lifeStigmaViral hepatitis

Identifiers

PMID34044808
PMCPMC8161662

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.